The history of our world 2

So here's a great puzzle: in a universe ruled by the second law of thermodynamics, how is it possible to generate the sort of complexity I've described, the sort of complexity represented by you and me and the convention center? 

PS:所以这里有一个巨大的谜团：在一个由热力学第二定律统治的宇宙中，怎么可能产生我所描述的那种复杂性，你我和会议中心所代表的那种复杂性？

puzzle谜; 智力游戏; 不解之谜; 疑问; 迷惑; 使困惑

universe宇宙; 天地万物; 万象; 经验体系

ruled有横格的，有平行线的; 控制; 统治; 支配; 操纵; 决定; 裁定; 判决; rule的过去分词和过去式

sort of有几分;近似;有那么点儿

complexity复杂性; 难懂; 难题; 难以理解的局势

've(=value engineering)价值工程学; 同“have”

represented代表; 作为…的代言人; 维护…的利益; 等于; 相当于; 意味着; represent的过去分词和过去式

convention习俗; 常规; 惯例; 大会，集会; 公约，协定，协议

Well, the answer seems to be, the universe can create complexity, but with great difficulty. 

In pockets, there appear what my colleague, Fred Spier, calls "Goldilocks conditions" , not too hot, not too cold, just right for the creation of complexity. 

PS:口袋里，出现了我的同事弗雷德·斯皮尔（Fred Spier）所说的“金发条件”，不太热，不太冷，正好适合创造复杂性。

pockets衣袋; 口袋; 兜; 小口袋，小容器; 钱财; 财力; 资金; 把…放进衣袋; 攫取; 揩油; 中饱私囊; 挣; 赚下; pocket的第三人称单数和复数

appear显得; 看来; 似乎; 出现; 呈现; 显现; 起源; 首次使用

colleague同事; 同僚; 同人

Fred弗蕾德；弗雷德（教名Frederic、Frederick、Frederica的昵称）; 男子名

Spier施皮尔

calls给…命名; 称呼; 把…叫做; 认为…是; 把…看作; 把自己称为; 自诩; call的第三人称单数

Goldilocks金发姑娘; 金发姑娘，金凤花

just right恰好，正好; 不失毫厘

creation创造; 创建; 作品; 创作; 创造天地

complexity复杂性; 难懂; 难题; 难以理解的局势

And slightly more complex things appear. 

And where you have slightly more complex things, you can get slightly more complex things. 

And in this way, complexity builds stage by stage. 

PS:这样，复杂性就逐步建立起来。

in this way用这个办法

complexity复杂性; 难懂; 难题; 难以理解的局势

builds建筑; 建造; 创建; 开发; 逐渐增强; build的第三人称单数

Each stage is magical because it creates the impression of something utterly new appearing almost out of nowhere in the universe. 

PS:每一个阶段都是神奇的，因为它创造了一种全新的印象，几乎是从宇宙的任何地方出现的。

stage时期，阶段，状态; 段; 步; 步骤; 舞台; 上演; 举办; 举行; 组织; 筹划; 使发生; 使出现

magical有魔力的; 用于巫术的; 奇妙的; 令人愉快的

creates创造; 创作; 创建; 造成，引起，产生; 授予; 册封; create的第三人称单数

impression印象; 感想; 影响; 效果; 印象画

something某事; 某物; 想来重要的事物; 大致，左右; 很，非常

utterly全然; 完全地; 彻底地

appearing显得; 看来; 似乎; 出现; 呈现; 显现; 起源; 首次使用; appear的现在分词

almost几乎; 差不多

universe宇宙; 天地万物; 万象; 经验体系

We refer in big history to these moments as threshold moments. 

PS:我们在大历史中把这些时刻称为门槛时刻。

big大的，巨大的; 年龄较大的; 重大的; 严重的; 大大; 给人印象深地

history历史; 发展史，历史; 历史课; 历史学

these这些，他们; 这些; 一些

moments片刻; 瞬间; 准确时刻; 正是时候; 时机; 机遇; 时光; 做某事的时刻; moment的复数

threshold门槛; 门口; 阈; 界; 起始点; 开端; 起点; 入门

And at each threshold, the going gets tougher. 

The complex things get more fragile, more vulnerable; the Goldilocks conditions get more stringent, and it's more difficult to create complexity.

PS:复杂的事物变得更脆弱，更脆弱；金发姑娘的条件变得更严格，更难创造复杂。

fragile易碎的; 易损的; 不牢固的; 脆弱的; 纤巧的; 精细的; 纤巧美丽的

vulnerable脆弱的，易受…伤害的

Goldilocks金发姑娘; 金发姑娘，金凤花

conditions状态; 状况; 健康状况; 疾病; 训练; 使习惯于; 使适应; 对…具有重要影响; 影响; 保持健康; 养护; condition的第三人称单数和复数

stringent严格的; 严厉的; 紧缩的; 短缺的; 银根紧的

create创造; 创作; 创建; 造成，引起，产生; 授予; 册封

complexity复杂性; 难懂; 难题; 难以理解的局势

Now, we, as extremely complex creatures, desperately need to know this story of how the universe creates complexity despite the second law, and why complexity means vulnerability and fragility. 

PS:现在，作为极其复杂的生物，我们迫切需要知道这个故事，尽管有第二定律，宇宙是如何创造复杂性的，为什么复杂性意味着脆弱和脆弱。

complex复杂的; 难懂的; 费解的; 复合的; 建筑群; 相关联的一组事物; 不正常的精神状态; 情结

creatures生物; 动物; 人; creature的复数

desperately绝望地；不顾一切地，拼命地; 极度地；猛烈地

need to know需了解；需知道

universe宇宙; 天地万物; 万象; 经验体系

creates创造; 创作; 创建; 造成，引起，产生; 授予; 册封; create的第三人称单数

complexity复杂性; 难懂; 难题; 难以理解的局势

despite即使; 尽管; 尽管不愿意

vulnerability弱点; 脆弱性; 易伤性; 可捕性

fragility脆弱；易碎性；虚弱；脆性

And that's the story that we tell in big history. 

But to do it, you have do something that may, at first sight, seem completely impossible. 

You have to survey the whole history of the universe. 

So let's do it.

Let's begin by winding the timeline back 13.7 billion years, to the beginning of time.

PS:让我们先把时间线回溯到137亿年，回到时间的开始。

Let允许; 让; 准许; 许可; 同意; 擦网球; 出租; 租借

begin by以…开始，先

winding曲折的; 弯曲的; 蜿蜒的; 使喘不过气来; 使喘大气; 使嗳气; 蜿蜒; 曲折而行; 迂回; 卷缠; 缠绕; 绕成团; 给上发条; 通过转动把手等操作; 可上发条; 可通过转动把手操作; wind的现在分词; 绕; 缠; 线圈; 弯曲

timeline时间线，时线

back背部，背; 腰背; 脊柱; 脊梁骨; 后部; 后面; 末尾; 背后的; 后面的; 后部的; 过去的; 旧时的; 到期未付的; 拖欠的; 向后; 在后; 在背面; 与有距离; 控制住; 忍住; 后退，倒退; 帮助; 支持; 下赌注于

billion十亿; 数以十亿计; 大量; 一万亿

years年; 日历年; 一年时间; 与某事相关的一年; 年度; year的复数

beginning开头; 开端; 开始部分; 原始思想; 前兆; 初级阶段; 开始; 启动; 起始; 开始存在; 起初是; 本来是; begin的现在分词

time时间; 时间，钟点，时刻; 时，时间; 为…安排时间; 选择…的时机; 计时; 测定…

Around us, there's nothing. 

There's not even time or space. 

Imagine the darkest, emptiest thing you can  and cube it a gazillion times and that's where we are. 

PS:想象一下你能想象到的最黑暗、最空虚的东西，把它变成无数次的立方体，这就是我们的所在。

Imagine想象; 设想; 误以为; 胡乱猜想; 猜测; 料想; 认为

darkest黑暗的; 昏暗的; 阴暗的; 深色的; 暗色的; 近乎黑色的; dark的最高级

emptiest空的; 空洞的; 说话不算数的; 无诚意的; 空虚的; 无意义的; 无目的的; empty的最高级

thing东西; 物; 物件; 物品; 事物; 用品，衣服; 用具

cube立方体; 立方形; 立方形的东西; 立方; 三次幂; 求…的立方; 把切成小方块

gazillion很大的数目

times乘以; 倍; 时间; 时间，钟点，时刻; 时，时间; 为…安排时间; 选择…的时机; 计时; 测定…所需的时间; 在某一时刻击球; time的第三人称单数和复数

and that而且，并且

where在哪里; 到哪里; 处于哪种情形; 在那，到那; 在那里; 在该处; 在该情况下; …的地方; …

And then suddenly, bang! A universe appears, an entire universe. And we've crossed our first threshold. 

The universe is tiny; it's smaller than an atom. It's incredibly hot. 

It contains everything that's in today's universe, so you can imagine, it's busting. 

PS:它包含了当今宇宙中的一切，所以你可以想象，它正在爆炸。

contains包含; 含有; 容纳; 控制，克制，抑制; 防止…蔓延; contain的第三人称单数

everything每件事; 所有事物; 一切; 形势; 情况; 生活; 最重要的东西; 最要紧的事情

today在今天; 在今日; 现在; 当今; 当代; 今天; 今日

universe宇宙; 天地万物; 万象; 经验体系

imagine想象; 设想; 误以为; 胡乱猜想; 猜测; 料想; 认为

busting打破; 摔碎; 突击搜查; 降级，降低军阶; bust的现在分词

And it's expanding at incredible speed. 

And at first, it's just a blur, but very quickly distinct things begin to appear in that blur. 

PS:一开始，它只是一个模糊，但很快不同的东西开始出现在那个模糊。

And和; 与; 同; 又; 而; 加; 加上; 然后; 接着

at first最初;起初;开始时

just正好; 恰好; 正当…时; 不少于; 同样; 公正的; 正义的; 正当的; 合理的; 正直的人; 公正的人; 合适的; 恰当的

blur模糊形状; 模糊的记忆; 变得模糊不清; 视线模糊; 看不清; 难以区分

distinct清晰的; 清楚的; 明白的; 明显的; 截然不同的; 有区别的; 不同种类的; 确定无疑的; 确实的; 确切的

things东西; 物; 物件; 物品; 事物; 用品，衣服; 用具; thing的复数

begin开始; 启动; 起始; 开始存在; 起初是; 本来是

appear in在出现; 表演; 出庭

Within the first second, energy itself shatters into distinct forces including electromagnetism and gravity. 

PS:在第一秒钟内，能量本身会破碎成不同的力，包括电磁力和重力。

second第二; 居第二位的; 另外的; 外加的; 以第二名; 以第二位; 第二，其次; 秒; 片刻; 瞬间; 支持，赞成; 附议; 临时调派; 短期调任

energy精力; 活力; 干劲; 力量; 能源

itself指施动并受其影响的动物或事物

shatters破碎，碎裂; 粉碎，破灭; 被粉碎; 被破坏; 使极为惊愕难过; 给予极大打击; shatter的第三人称单数和复数

distinct清晰的; 清楚的; 明白的; 明显的; 截然不同的; 有区别的; 不同种类的; 确定无疑的; 确实的; 确切的

forces武力; 暴力; 力; 力量; 强大效力; 巨大影响; 强迫，迫使; 用力，强行; 使发生; force的第三人称单数和复数

electromagnetism电磁

gravity重力; 地球引力; 严重性; 严肃; 庄严

And energy does something else quite magical: it congeals to form matter, quarks that will create protons and leptons that include electrons. 

PS:而能量做了另一件很神奇的事情：它凝结成物质，夸克会产生质子和轻子，包括电子。

energy精力; 活力; 干劲; 力量; 能源

something else另一回事

quite颇; 相当; 某种程度上; 完全; 十分; 非常; 彻底; 在很大程度上; 很; 的确

magical有魔力的; 用于巫术的; 奇妙的; 令人愉快的

congeals变稠; 凝结; congeal的第三人称单数

matter课题; 事情; 问题; 事态; 当前的状况; 怎么了; 事关紧要; 要紧; 有重大影响

quarks夸克; quark的复数

protons质子; proton的复数

include包括; 包含; 使成为…的一部分

electrons电子; electron的复数

And all of that happens in the first second.

Exercises:

1.What happened to the universe during the first second of the big bang?

New forms of matter were created.

2.What happens as things get more complex in the universe?

They become fragile and vulnerable.

3.Complexity cannot be created unless...

 the conditions are perfect.

4.To cross a threshold means...

to begin a new phase.

Fill in the blanks：

Here's a great puzzle: in a universe ruled by the second law of thermodynamics, how is it possible to generate the sort of complexity I've described, the sort of complexity represented by you and me and the convention center?

Read and repeat  the sentences：

1.We refer in big history to these moments as threshold moments. 

2.The Goldilocks conditions get more stringent, and it's more difficult to create complexity.

3.It seems that the universe can create complexity, but with great difficulty.

4.Within the first second, energy itself shatters into distinct forces including electromagnetism and gravity.

5.Imagine the darkest, emptiest thing you can and cube it a gazillion times and that's where we are.

Now we move forward 380,000 years. 

That's twice as long as humans have been on this planet. 

And now simple atoms appear of hydrogen and helium. 

ps:现在简单的原子出现了氢和氦。

atoms原子; atom的复数

appear显得; 看来; 似乎; 出现; 呈现; 显现; 起源; 首次使用

hydrogen氢; 氢气

helium氦; 氦气

Now I want to pause for a moment,  380,000 years after the origins of the universe, because we actually know quite a lot about the universe at this stage. 

We know above all that it was extremely simple. 

It consisted of huge clouds of hydrogen and helium atoms, and they have no structure. 

They're really a sort of cosmic mush. 

ps:它们真是一种宇宙垃圾。

really事实上，真正地，真实地; 确实，的确; 加强形容词或副词的语气

a sort of一种; 可以说是…的东西

cosmic宇宙的; 巨大且重要的

mush软稠的一摊; 糊状物; 玉米粥; 带狗撬在雪上前进粉碎

But that's not completely true. 

Recent studies by satellites such as the WMAP satellite have shown that, in fact, there are just tiny differences in that background. 

ps:最近由WMAP卫星等卫星进行的研究表明，事实上，在这种背景下存在着微小的差异。

satellites人造卫星; 卫星; 卫星城; 卫星国; 外围组织; satellite的复数

such as例如; 像; 象…这样; 诸如…之类

satellite人造卫星; 卫星; 卫星城; 卫星国; 外围组织

shown表明; 证明; 给…看; 出示; 展示; 教，解说; 演示; show的过去分词

in fact事实上，其实; 准确地说;确切地说

there are有; 可数名词的复数形式; 许多重要事情要谈

tiny极小的; 微小的; 微量的

differences差别; 差异; 不同; 变化; 差; 差额; 意见分歧; 不和; difference的第三人称单数和复数

in that因为;原因是

What you see here, the blue areas are about a thousandth of a degree cooler than the red areas. 

ps:你在这里看到的蓝色区域比红色区域要冷一千分之一度。

What什么; …的事物; 无论什么; 凡是…的事物; 多么; 真; 太

you see你瞧，要知道，你是知道的

here在这里，向这里; 现在; 在这一点上; 给某人东西或指出某物时说; 喂，嘿; 主动提议时说

blue蓝色的; 天蓝色的; 蔚蓝色的; 发青的，青紫的; 忧郁的; 悲伤的; 蓝色; 天蓝色; 蔚蓝色; 蓝色荣誉者; 蓝色荣誉的头衔; 错误; 失误

areas地区，地域; 地方，场地，区; 区，部位; area的复数

thousandth第一千; 千分之一

degree度，度数; 度数; 程度

cooler冷却器; 冷藏器; 清凉饮料; 凉的; 凉爽的; 凉快的; 使人感到凉爽的; 冷色的; 冷静的; 镇静的; 平静的; cool的比较级

than比; 多于，小于，少于; 就

red红的; 红色的; 充血的; 布满血丝的; 红肿的; 涨红的; 通红的; 红色; 红葡萄酒; 左翼

These are tiny differences, but it was enough for the universe to move on to the next stage of building complexity. And this is how it works. 

Gravity is more powerful where there's more stuff. 

ps:重力在有更多东西的地方更强大。

Gravity重力; 地球引力; 严重性; 严肃; 庄严

more powerful有权势的; 有影响力的; 强有力的; 力量大的; 很有效的; 有强烈作用的，效力大的; powerful的比较级

where在哪里; 到哪里; 处于哪种情形; 在那，到那; 在那里; 在该处; 在该情况下; …的地方; …情况下; 地方; 场所哪里

more更多的，更大的; 更; 更强，更多; many的比较级; much的比较级

stuff东西，物品，玩意儿; 活儿，话，念头，东西; 基本特征; 特质; 根本; 基础; 原

So where you get slightly denser areas, gravity starts compacting clouds of hydrogen and helium atoms. 

ps:所以当你得到稍微密集的区域，重力开始压缩氢和氦原子云。

slightly略微; 稍微; 身材瘦小的

denser密集的; 稠密的; 浓密的; 浓重的; 愚笨的; 迟钝的; 笨拙的; dense的比较级

gravity重力; 地球引力; 严重性; 严肃; 庄严

starts开始，着手，动手; 发生，开始进行; 开动; 发动; 启动; start的第三人称单数

compacting把…紧压在一起; compact的现在分词

clouds云; 云朵; 云状物; 阴影; 忧郁; 焦虑; 令人忧虑的事; 使难以理解; 使记不清楚; 使模糊; 显得阴沉; 看起来忧愁; 混淆，搅混; cloud的第三人称单数和复数

hydrogen氢; 氢气

helium氦; 氦气

atoms原子; atom的复数

So we can imagine the early universe breaking up into a billion clouds. 

And each cloud is compacted, gravity gets more powerful as density increases, the temperature begins to rise at the center of each cloud, and then, at the center, the temperature crosses the threshold temperature of 10 million degrees, protons start to fuse, there's a huge release of energy, and -- bam! We have our first stars. 

ps:每一个云都是致密的，随着密度的增加，重力变得更加强大，每一个云中心的温度开始上升，然后，在中心，温度超过1000万度的临界温度，质子开始融合，能量大量释放，然后——砰！我们有我们的第一颗星。

compacted把…紧压在一起; compact的过去分词和过去式

gravity重力; 地球引力; 严重性; 严肃; 庄严

more powerful有权势的; 有影响力的; 强有力的; 力量大的; 很有效的; 有强烈作用的，效力大的; powerful的比较级

and then然后

crosses叉字形记号; 十字形记号; 十字架; 穿越; 越过; 横过; 渡过; 交叉; 相交; 使交叉; 使交叠; cross的第三人称单数和复数

protons质子; proton的复数

start to开始

fuse保险丝; 熔断器; 导火线; 导火索; 引信; 信管; 雷管; 融合，熔接，结合; 熔化; 停止工作

bam嘭，砰，乓; 蓦地

From about 200 million years after the Big Bang, stars begin to appear all through the universe, billions of them. 

And the universe is now significantly more interesting and more complex.

Stars will create the Goldilocks conditions for crossing two new thresholds. 

ps:星星将创造条件越过两个新的门槛。

Stars【电影】星光传奇; 恒星; 星

create创造; 创作; 创建; 造成，引起，产生; 授予; 册封

Goldilocks金发姑娘; 金发姑娘，金凤花

conditions状态; 状况; 健康状况; 疾病; 训练; 使习惯于; 使适应; 对…具有重要影响; 影响; 保持健康; 养护; condition的第三人称单数和复数

crossing安全通行处; 人行横道; 渡口; 过境处; 交叉点; 十字路口; 交叉道口; 横渡; 穿越; 越过; 横过; 渡过; 交叉; 相交; 使交叉; 使交叠; cross的现在分词

thresholds门槛; 门口; 阈; 界; 起始点; 开端; 起点; 入门; threshold的复数

When very large stars die, they create temperatures so high that protons begin to fuse in all sorts of exotic combinations, to form all the elements of the periodic table. 

ps:当非常大的恒星死亡时，它们产生的温度非常高，以至于质子开始以各种奇异的组合方式融合，形成周期表的所有元素。

temperatures温度; 气温; 体温; temperature的复数

so high那样兴奋

protons质子; proton的复数

fuse保险丝; 熔断器; 导火线; 导火索; 引信; 信管; 雷管; 融合，熔接，结合; 熔化; 停止工作

in all非常; 总计

sorts种类; 类别; 品种; 某一种人; 分类; 排序; 整理; 把…分类; 妥善处理; 安排妥当; sort的第三人称单数和复数

exotic来自异国的; 奇异的; 异国情调的; 异国风味的

combinations结合体; 联合体; 混合体; 结合; 联合; 混合; 数码组合，字码组合; combination的复数

periodic table元素周期表

If, like me, you're wearing a gold ring, it was forged in a supernova explosion. 

ps:如果你和我一样戴着金戒指，那是在超新星爆炸中锻造的。

like相似; 类似; 像; …怎么样; 符合…的特点，像…才会; 喜欢; 喜爱; 喜欢做; 想; 要; 希望; 像…一样; 如同; 好像; 仿佛; 似乎; 喜好; 爱好; 类似的人; 种类，类型; 类似的; 相似的; 大概，可能; 我说，他说，她说; (非正式口语，代替as)和…一样，如，像

wearing令人精疲力竭的; 使人疲倦的; 令人厌烦的; 穿; 戴; 佩戴; 蓄，留; 流露，面带，呈现; wear的现在分词

gold金; 金币; 金饰品; 黄金制品; 金色; 金黄色; 金色的

ring戒指; 指环; 环状物; 圈形的东西; 圆形标记; 圆形; 包围; 环绕; 给…戴上金属环; 绕…画圆; 把…圈起来; 给…打电话; 发出铃声; 发出钟声，响起铃声; 铃声; 钟声; 摇铃; 敲钟; 清晰的响声; 特性

forged艰苦干成; 努力加强; 伪造; 假冒; 锻造; 制作; forge的过去分词和过去式

supernova超新星

explosion爆炸，爆破，爆裂; 突增; 猛增; 激增; 突然爆发，迸发

So now the universe is chemically more complex. 

And in a chemically more complex universe, it's possible to make more things. 

And what starts happening is that, around young suns,young stars, all these elements combine, they swirl around, the energy of the star stirs them around, they form particles, they form snowflakes, they form little dust motes, they form rocks, they form asteroids, and eventually, they form planets and moons. 

ps:开始发生的是，围绕着年轻的太阳，年轻的恒星，所有这些元素结合在一起，它们旋转，恒星的能量搅动它们，它们形成粒子，它们形成雪花，它们形成小尘埃，它们形成岩石，它们形成小行星，最后，它们形成行星和卫星。

suns太阳; 日; 太阳的光和热; 阳光; 日光; 恒星; 晒太阳; sun的第三人称单数和复数

swirl打旋，旋动，起旋涡; 打旋; 旋动; 旋涡; 螺旋形; 旋涡状

stirs搅动; 搅和; 搅拌; 微动; 行动，活动; stir的第三人称单数

particles颗粒; 微粒; 粒子; 小品词; particle的复数

snowflakes雪花; 雪片; snowflake的复数

motes尘埃; 微粒; mote的复数

asteroids小行星; asteroid的复数

planets行星; 地球; planet的复数

moons月球; 月亮; 月相; 卫星; 以屁股示人; moon的第三人称单数和复数

And that is how our solar system was formed, four and a half billion years ago. 

Rocky planets like our Earth are significantly more complex than stars because they contain a much greater diversity of materials. 

ps:像地球这样的岩石行星比恒星要复杂得多，因为它们包含的物质种类要多得多。

Rocky岩石的; 多岩石的; 困难的; 难以维持的; 不稳定的

planets行星; 地球; planet的复数

Earth世界; 地球; 陆地; 地面; 大地; 土; 泥; 泥土; 把接地

significantly有重大意义地; 显著地; 明显地; 有某种意义; 别有含义地; 意味深长地

more complex复杂的; 难懂的; 费解的; 复合的; complex的比较级

stars恒星; 星; 星状物; 星形饰物; 星号; 星级; 主演; 担任主角; 使主演; 由…担任主角; 标星号; star的第三人称单数和复数

contain包含; 含有; 容纳; 控制，克制，抑制; 防止…蔓延

greatergreat 的比较级; 大的

diversity差异; 不同; 多样性; 多样化

materials布料; 材料; 原料; material的复数

So we've crossed a fourth threshold of complexity.

Exercises:

1.How was gravity related to density? 

They have a positive correlation.

2.To swirl means to...

move in a circular motion.

3.what originally allow the universe  to achieve new levels of complexity?

tiny temperature differences in different areas.

Fill in the blanks:

Gravity is more powerful where there's more stuff. So where you get slightly denser areas, gravity starts compacting clouds of hydrogen and helium atoms.

When very large stars die, they create temperatures so high that protons begin to fuse in all sorts of exotic combinations, to form all the elements of the periodic table. 

Read and repeat the sentences:

1.And in a chemically more complex universe, it's possible to make more things. 

2.the total complextity of the universe is growing because it contains more diverse materials.

3.The energy released by dying Stars allows new elements to emerge.

4.What you see here, the blue areas are about a thousandth of a degree cooler than the red areas.

5.Rocky planets like our Earth are significantly more complex than stars because they contain a much greater diversity of materials.