一、准备工作
oracle连接分为:
左外连接:左表不加限制,保留左表的数据,匹配右表,右表没有匹配到的行中的列显示为null。
右外连接:右表不加限制,保留右表的数据。匹配左表,左表没有匹配到的行中列显示为null。
完全外连接:左右表都不加限制。即右外连接的结果为:左右表匹配的数据+左表没有匹配到的数据+右表没有匹配到的数据。
二、连接的语法
left/right/full outer join ...on
left/right/full join ...on
(+)号的作用:+号可以理解为补充的意思,加在那个表的列上就代表这个表的列为补充。加在右表的列上代表右表为补充,为左连接。加在左表的列上代表左表为补充,为右连接。注意:完全外连接中不能使用+号。
三、测试
- 准备测试数据
创建两种表,插入测试数据:
CREATE TABLE t_A (
id number,
code number,
name VARCHAR2(10)
);
CREATE TABLE t_B (
id number,
code number,
name VARCHAR2(10)
);
INSERT INTO t_A(id,code,name) VALUES(1,2,'A');
INSERT INTO t_A(id,code,name) VALUES(2,1,'B');
INSERT INTO t_A(id,code,name) VALUES(3,5,'C');
INSERT INTO t_A(id,code,name) VALUES(4,6,'D');
INSERT INTO t_A(id,code,name) VALUES(5,7,'E');
INSERT INTO t_B(id,code,name) VALUES(1,3,'AA');
INSERT INTO t_B(id,code,name) VALUES(1,4,'BB');
INSERT INTO t_B(id,code,name) VALUES(2,1,'CC');
INSERT INTO t_B(id,code,name) VALUES(1,2,'DD');
INSERT INTO t_B(id,code,name) VALUES(7,5,'GG');
查看插入的数据:
select * from t_a;
select * from t_b;
表t_a的数据
表t_b的数据
- 左外连接
select * from t_a a left join t_b b on a.id=b.id;
select * from t_a a,t_b b where a.id=b.id(+);
执行结果
左外连接
- 右外连接
select * from t_a a right join t_b b on a.id=b.id;
select * from t_a a,t_b b where a.id(+)=b.id;
执行结果
右外连接
- 完全外连接
select * from t_a a full join t_b b on a.id=b.id;
select * from t_a a,t_b b where a.id(+)=b.id(+); --错误语法,不支持两边(+)
执行结果
完全外连接
- 等值连接
select * from t_a a,t_b b where a.id=b.id;
select * from t_a a join t_b b on a.id=b.id;--等值连接也可以这样写
执行结果
等值连接
- 左外连接(多键值)
select * from t_a a left join t_b b on a.id=b.id and a.code=b.code;
select * from t_a a,t_b b where a.id=b.id(+) and a.code=b.code(+);
执行结果
左外连接(多键值)
- 右外连接(多键值)
select * from t_a a right join t_b b on a.id=b.id and a.code=b.code;
select * from t_a a,t_b b where a.id(+)=b.id and a.code(+)=b.code;
执行结果
右外连接(多键值)
- 完全外连接(多键值)
select * from t_a a full join t_b b on a.id=b.id and a.code=b.code;
执行结果
完全外连接(多键值)
- 等值连接(多键值)
select * from t_a a,t_b b where a.id=b.id and a.code=b.code;
select * from t_a a join t_b b on a.id=b.id and a.code=b.code;--等值连接也可以这样写
执行结果
等值连接(多键值)
- 左外连接(多键值or)
select * from t_a a left join t_b b on a.id=b.id or a.code=b.code;
select * from t_a a,t_b b where a.id=b.id(+) or a.code=b.code(+); --错误:ORA-01719: OR 或 IN 操作数中不允许外部联接运算符 (+)
执行结果
左外连接(多键值or)
- 右外连接(多键值or)
select * from t_a a right join t_b b on a.id=b.id or a.code=b.code;
select * from t_a a,t_b b where a.id(+)=b.id or a.code(+)=b.code; --错误:ORA-01719: OR 或 IN 操作数中不允许外部联接运算符 (+)
执行结果
右外连接(多键值or)
- 完全外连接(多键值or)
select * from t_a a full join t_b b on a.id=b.id or a.code=b.code;
执行结果
完全外连接(多键值or)
- 等值连接(多键值or)
select * from t_a a,t_b b where a.id=b.id or a.code=b.code;
select * from t_a a join t_b b on a.id=b.id or a.code=b.code;--等值连接也可以这样写
执行结果
等值连接(多键值or)
- 试试
select * from t_a a,t_b b where a.id=b.id(+) and a.code(+)=b.code;
// 错误:ORA-01416: 两表无法彼此外部连接
select * from t_a a left join t_b b on a.id=b.id where a.code(+)=b.code;
select * from t_a a, t_b c left join t_b b on a.id=b.id where a.code(+)=c.code;
// ORA-25156: 旧样式的外部联接 (+) 不能与 ANSI 联接一起使用
select * from t_a a
left join t_b b on a.id=b.id
left join t_b c on a.id=c.id;
select * from t_a a,t_b b,t_b c
where a.id=b.id(+) and a.id=c.id(+);
select * from t_a a
left join t_b b on a.id=b.id
left join t_b c on a.id=c.id and b.id=c.id;
select * from t_a a,t_b b,t_b c
where a.id=b.id(+) and a.id=c.id(+) and b.id=c.id(+);
select * from t_a a,t_b b,t_b c
where a.id=b.id(+) and a.id=c.id(+) and b.id=c.id;
select * from t_a a
left join t_b b on a.id=b.id
left join t_b c on a.id=c.id and b.code=c.code;
select * from t_a a,t_b b,t_b c
where a.id=b.id(+) and a.id=c.id(+) and b.code=c.code(+);
select * from t_a a,t_b b,t_b c
where b.code=c.code(+) and a.id=b.id(+) and a.id=c.id(+) ;
select * from t_a a,t_b b,t_b c
where a.id=b.id(+) and a.id=c.id(+) or a.code=c.code ;
select * from t_a a,t_b b,t_b c
where (a.id=b.id(+) and a.id=c.id(+)) or a.code=c.code ;
select * from t_a a,t_b b,t_b c
where a.id=b.id(+) and (a.id=c.id(+) or a.code=c.code) ;
多个连接条件的注意事项
Oracle中,两个表通过多个关连条件外连接的时候,如果多个条件中有没有写(+)的条件,则连接会自动变成内连接,而不再是外连接。这种情况应该是属于写SQL的失误。遇到这种情况的时候一定要注意。
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