本文是区块链系列的第二篇，上一篇区块链系列教程——创建属于自己的区块链大概介绍了区块链的基本内容，并且使用geth客户端创建了私链，给了各位读者较为直观的感受。本文简单介绍geth命令，这对后面的教程来说是一个基础。
geth用法简介
在安装有geth的环境下，使用命令即可查看geth的所有操作参数：
geth -help
其用法为：
geth [options] command [command options] [arguments...]
geth命令简介
其中，command部分主要有：
account Manage accounts
attach Start an interactive JavaScript environment (connect to node)
bug opens a window to report a bug on the geth repo
console Start an interactive JavaScript environment
copydb Create a local chain from a target chaindata folder
dump Dump a specific block from storage
dumpconfig Show configuration values
export Export blockchain into file
export-preimages Export the preimage database into an RLP stream
import Import a blockchain file
import-preimages Import the preimage database from an RLP stream
init Bootstrap and initialize a new genesis block
js Execute the specified JavaScript files
license Display license information
makecache Generate ethash verification cache (for testing)
makedag Generate ethash mining DAG (for testing)
monitor Monitor and visualize node metrics
removedb Remove blockchain and state databases
version Print version numbers
wallet Manage Ethereum presale wallets
help, h Shows a list of commands or help for one command
此处主要讲解部分高频使用的命令。
1. account
该命令用于对节点中的账户进行管理，比如使用命令创建新的账户：
hadoop@tomcat:~/blockchain$ geth account new
INFO [05-02|22:34:35.822] Maximum peer count ETH=25 LES=0 total=25
Your new account is locked with a password. Please give a password. Do not forget this password.
Passphrase:
Repeat passphrase:
Address: {0661ae6f3586b5d06f72631d40b576572df58cf8}
比如列出所创建的所有账户信息：
hadoop@tomcat:~/blockchain$ geth account list
INFO [05-02|22:36:56.617] Maximum peer count ETH=25 LES=0 total=25
Account #0: {39270dca851f877e25de0b3dd2bc362a56c93d14} keystore:///home/hadoop/.ethereum/keystore/UTC--2018-11-08T07-51-54.537198312Z--39270dca851f877e25de0b3dd2bc362a56c93d14
Account #1: {3ad29039e3a403bec76f72f49df9c695132b7413} keystore:///home/hadoop/.ethereum/keystore/UTC--2019-03-08T03-01-21.222439496Z--3ad29039e3a403bec76f72f49df9c695132b7413
Account #2: {76522ed9030ecdbc2adcf9db101ee351841a026d} keystore:///home/hadoop/.ethereum/keystore/UTC--2019-03-08T03-02-18.142740162Z--76522ed9030ecdbc2adcf9db101ee351841a026d
Account #3: {0eb26f508cb4366cca769f5b42a2db53ac3411bc} keystore:///home/hadoop/.ethereum/keystore/UTC--2019-03-08T03-06-41.861044859Z--0eb26f508cb4366cca769f5b42a2db53ac3411bc
Account #4: {03b753d082b2c65054b5ac0a624c3c206a8384ce} keystore:///home/hadoop/.ethereum/keystore/UTC--2019-03-08T13-43-43.058685461Z--03b753d082b2c65054b5ac0a624c3c206a8384ce
Account #5: {69e5860b1b7b2fbbb5e99c856ccf1daa3d99cceb} keystore:///home/hadoop/.ethereum/keystore/UTC--2019-03-08T14-36-59.127976359Z--69e5860b1b7b2fbbb5e99c856ccf1daa3d99cceb
Account #6: {49fc0574f7e149a5e772ca0144df1177af56a544} keystore:///home/hadoop/.ethereum/keystore/UTC--2019-03-08T14-42-36.761539434Z--49fc0574f7e149a5e772ca0144df1177af56a544
Account #7: {36606041ff9727c15337aa68493c62a9f4fe721c} keystore:///home/hadoop/.ethereum/keystore/UTC--2019-03-08T14-45-17.989230302Z--36606041ff9727c15337aa68493c62a9f4fe721c
Account #8: {c20302e3423fdc2d451c1f989978c82ddcb3d25d} keystore:///home/hadoop/.ethereum/keystore/UTC--2019-03-08T14-49-35.136771402Z--c20302e3423fdc2d451c1f989978c82ddcb3d25d
Account #9: {0ee10994abc4ad567ae660c38dece6b66316e8f2} keystore:///home/hadoop/.ethereum/keystore/UTC--2019-03-09T03-02-59.629189896Z--0ee10994abc4ad567ae660c38dece6b66316e8f2
Account #10: {dfad42736734d1e943cb3390ebab0f3f9b6cd956} keystore:///home/hadoop/.ethereum/keystore/UTC--2019-03-09T03-08-56.185678319Z--dfad42736734d1e943cb3390ebab0f3f9b6cd956
Account #11: {b1d16776a90ab4acfa12c253821d39f4e72c8ede} keystore:///home/hadoop/.ethereum/keystore/UTC--2019-03-09T03-10-18.698606526Z--b1d16776a90ab4acfa12c253821d39f4e72c8ede
Account #12: {0661ae6f3586b5d06f72631d40b576572df58cf8} keystore:///home/hadoop/.ethereum/keystore/UTC--2019-05-02T14-35-39.394844103Z--0661ae6f3586b5d06f72631d40b576572df58cf8
2. attach
attach命令主要用于连接到一个正在运行的节点，并且会打开一个控制台用于交互：
hadoop@tomcat:~/blockchain/test$ ls
geth geth.ipc history keystore
hadoop@tomcat:~/blockchain/test$ geth attach geth.ipc
Welcome to the Geth JavaScript console!
instance: Geth/v1.8.17-stable-8bbe7207/linux-amd64/go1.10
coinbase: 0x6393bb737b95465ccd9e4597df0647cdcd09775f
at block: 11 (Wed, 01 May 2019 21:40:53 CST)
datadir: /home/hadoop/blockchain/test
modules: admin:1.0 debug:1.0 eth:1.0 ethash:1.0 miner:1.0 net:1.0 personal:1.0 rpc:1.0 txpool:1.0 web3:1.0
>
3. console
console命令用于打开控制台用于交互，与attach有所不同，console一般是在区块链运行时打开，而attach是在节点运行的前提下连接到节点进行交互，两者可以并存。该命令具体用法在上一篇已经展示：
hadoop@tomcat:~/blockchain$ geth --datadir test/ --networkid 10 console
INFO [05-02|22:38:40.954] Maximum peer count ETH=25 LES=0 total=25
INFO [05-02|22:38:40.955] Starting peer-to-peer node instance=Geth/v1.8.17-stable-8bbe7207/linux-amd64/go1.10
INFO [05-02|22:38:40.955] Allocated cache and file handles database=/home/hadoop/blockchain/test/geth/chaindata cache=768 handles=512
INFO [05-02|22:38:41.045] Initialised chain configuration config="{ChainID: 10 Homestead: 0 DAO: <nil> DAOSupport: false EIP150: <nil> EIP155: 0 EIP158: 0 Byzantium: <nil> Constantinople: <nil> Engine: unknown}"
INFO [05-02|22:38:41.045] Disk storage enabled for ethash caches dir=/home/hadoop/blockchain/test/geth/ethash count=3
INFO [05-02|22:38:41.045] Disk storage enabled for ethash DAGs dir=/home/hadoop/.ethash count=2
INFO [05-02|22:38:41.045] Initialising Ethereum protocol versions="[63 62]" network=10
INFO [05-02|22:38:41.047] Loaded most recent local header number=11 hash=4c92d8…336e91 td=382991890 age=1d57m48s
INFO [05-02|22:38:41.047] Loaded most recent local full block number=11 hash=4c92d8…336e91 td=382991890 age=1d57m48s
INFO [05-02|22:38:41.047] Loaded most recent local fast block number=11 hash=4c92d8…336e91 td=382991890 age=1d57m48s
INFO [05-02|22:38:41.048] Loaded local transaction journal transactions=1 dropped=1
INFO [05-02|22:38:41.048] Regenerated local transaction journal transactions=0 accounts=0
WARN [05-02|22:38:41.048] Blockchain not empty, fast sync disabled
INFO [05-02|22:38:41.049] Starting P2P networking
INFO [05-02|22:38:43.272] Mapped network port proto=udp extport=30303 intport=30303 interface="UPNP IGDv1-IP1"
INFO [05-02|22:38:43.383] UDP listener up self=enode://21d2a8209dc9aeadd15d94c2df30128dd7bd4b772f34e61e8f76afb893a2f7735a77c9061b64076ca61b5635b5d434fa32600af0e56f833fd7e582bff94e679d@222.201.145.179:30303
INFO [05-02|22:38:43.383] RLPx listener up self=enode://21d2a8209dc9aeadd15d94c2df30128dd7bd4b772f34e61e8f76afb893a2f7735a77c9061b64076ca61b5635b5d434fa32600af0e56f833fd7e582bff94e679d@222.201.145.179:30303
INFO [05-02|22:38:43.386] IPC endpoint opened url=/home/hadoop/blockchain/test/geth.ipc
INFO [05-02|22:38:43.418] Mapped network port proto=tcp extport=30303 intport=30303 interface="UPNP IGDv1-IP1"
Welcome to the Geth JavaScript console!
instance: Geth/v1.8.17-stable-8bbe7207/linux-amd64/go1.10
INFO [05-02|22:38:43.485] Etherbase automatically configured address=0x6393Bb737b95465cCD9E4597dF0647CdcD09775f
coinbase: 0x6393bb737b95465ccd9e4597df0647cdcd09775f
at block: 11 (Wed, 01 May 2019 21:40:53 CST)
datadir: /home/hadoop/blockchain/test
modules: admin:1.0 debug:1.0 eth:1.0 ethash:1.0 miner:1.0 net:1.0 personal:1.0 rpc:1.0 txpool:1.0 web3:1.0
>
4. init
init命令是用于初始化一个区块链的，通常将genesis.json文件中的初始区块信息加载到区块链中：
hadoop@tomcat:~/blockchain$ mkdir test2
hadoop@tomcat:~/blockchain$ geth --datadir test2 init genesis.json
INFO [05-02|22:45:45.306] Maximum peer count ETH=25 LES=0 total=25
INFO [05-02|22:45:45.306] Allocated cache and file handles database=/home/hadoop/blockchain/test2/geth/chaindata cache=16 handles=16
INFO [05-02|22:45:45.389] Writing custom genesis block
INFO [05-02|22:45:45.389] Persisted trie from memory database nodes=0 size=0.00B time=5.821µs gcnodes=0 gcsize=0.00B gctime=0s livenodes=1 livesize=0.00B
INFO [05-02|22:45:45.390] Successfully wrote genesis state database=chaindata hash=b123b8…4077eb
INFO [05-02|22:45:45.390] Allocated cache and file handles database=/home/hadoop/blockchain/test2/geth/lightchaindata cache=16 handles=16
INFO [05-02|22:45:45.394] Writing custom genesis block
INFO [05-02|22:45:45.394] Persisted trie from memory database nodes=0 size=0.00B time=3.963µs gcnodes=0 gcsize=0.00B gctime=0s livenodes=1 livesize=0.00B
INFO [05-02|22:45:45.395] Successfully wrote genesis state database=lightchaindata hash=b123b8…4077eb
5. js
js命令用于加载一个js文件：
hadoop@tomcat:~/blockchain$ geth js t.js
INFO [05-02|22:51:21.166] Maximum peer count ETH=25 LES=0 total=25
INFO [05-02|22:51:21.167] Starting peer-to-peer node instance=Geth/v1.8.17-stable-8bbe7207/linux-amd64/go1.10
INFO [05-02|22:51:21.167] Allocated cache and file handles database=/home/hadoop/.ethereum/geth/chaindata cache=768 handles=512
INFO [05-02|22:51:21.180] Initialised chain configuration config="{ChainID: 1 Homestead: 1150000 DAO: 1920000 DAOSupport: true EIP150: 2463000 EIP155: 2675000 EIP158: 2675000 Byzantium: 4370000 Constantinople: <nil> Engine: ethash}"
INFO [05-02|22:51:21.180] Disk storage enabled for ethash caches dir=/home/hadoop/.ethereum/geth/ethash count=3
INFO [05-02|22:51:21.180] Disk storage enabled for ethash DAGs dir=/home/hadoop/.ethash count=2
INFO [05-02|22:51:21.180] Initialising Ethereum protocol versions="[63 62]" network=1
INFO [05-02|22:51:21.181] Loaded most recent local header number=192 hash=723899…123390 td=3453055867795 age=3y9mo3w
INFO [05-02|22:51:21.181] Loaded most recent local full block number=0 hash=d4e567…cb8fa3 td=17179869184 age=50y2w4d
INFO [05-02|22:51:21.182] Loaded most recent local fast block number=2 hash=b495a1…4698c9 td=51514445824 age=3y9mo3w
INFO [05-02|22:51:21.182] Loaded local transaction journal transactions=0 dropped=0
INFO [05-02|22:51:21.182] Regenerated local transaction journal transactions=0 accounts=0
INFO [05-02|22:51:21.183] Starting P2P networking
INFO [05-02|22:51:23.318] Mapped network port proto=udp extport=30303 intport=30303 interface="UPNP IGDv2-IP1"
INFO [05-02|22:51:23.319] UDP listener up self=enode://d592b7cef587ea2350632e2811807a59026e31fc0b8dda1d7ab6ebbd7fa7a7f838848f456be0ad0b69f2cabc2f08b8e0747f64c723b547bac459d7c06b7189ef@222.201.145.179:30303
INFO [05-02|22:51:23.319] RLPx listener up self=enode://d592b7cef587ea2350632e2811807a59026e31fc0b8dda1d7ab6ebbd7fa7a7f838848f456be0ad0b69f2cabc2f08b8e0747f64c723b547bac459d7c06b7189ef@222.201.145.179:30303
INFO [05-02|22:51:23.320] IPC endpoint opened url=/home/hadoop/.ethereum/geth.ipc
INFO [05-02|22:51:23.346] Mapped network port proto=tcp extport=30303 intport=30303 interface="UPNP IGDv2-IP1"
INFO [05-02|22:51:23.423] Etherbase automatically configured address=0x39270dCA851f877e25DE0B3dD2bC362a56c93d14
INFO [05-02|22:51:23.424] IPC endpoint closed endpoint=/home/hadoop/.ethereum/geth.ipc
INFO [05-02|22:51:23.424] Blockchain manager stopped
INFO [05-02|22:51:23.424] Stopping Ethereum protocol
INFO [05-02|22:51:23.424] Ethereum protocol stopped
INFO [05-02|22:51:23.424] Transaction pool stopped
INFO [05-02|22:51:23.424] Database closed database=/home/hadoop/.ethereum/geth/chaindata
options简介
options的内容相对更多：
ETHEREUM OPTIONS:
--config value TOML configuration file
--datadir "/home/hadoop/.ethereum" Data directory for the databases and keystore
--keystore Directory for the keystore (default = inside the datadir)
--nousb Disables monitoring for and managing USB hardware wallets
--networkid value Network identifier (integer, 1=Frontier, 2=Morden (disused), 3=Ropsten, 4=Rinkeby) (default: 1)
--testnet Ropsten network: pre-configured proof-of-work test network
--rinkeby Rinkeby network: pre-configured proof-of-authority test network
--syncmode "fast" Blockchain sync mode ("fast", "full", or "light")
--gcmode value Blockchain garbage collection mode ("full", "archive") (default: "full")
--ethstats value Reporting URL of a ethstats service (nodename:secret@host:port)
--identity value Custom node name
--lightserv value Maximum percentage of time allowed for serving LES requests (0-90) (default: 0)
--lightpeers value Maximum number of LES client peers (default: 100)
--lightkdf Reduce key-derivation RAM & CPU usage at some expense of KDF strength
DEVELOPER CHAIN OPTIONS:
--dev Ephemeral proof-of-authority network with a pre-funded developer account, mining enabled
--dev.period value Block period to use in developer mode (0 = mine only if transaction pending) (default: 0)
ETHASH OPTIONS:
--ethash.cachedir Directory to store the ethash verification caches (default = inside the datadir)
--ethash.cachesinmem value Number of recent ethash caches to keep in memory (16MB each) (default: 2)
--ethash.cachesondisk value Number of recent ethash caches to keep on disk (16MB each) (default: 3)
--ethash.dagdir "/home/hadoop/.ethash" Directory to store the ethash mining DAGs (default = inside home folder)
--ethash.dagsinmem value Number of recent ethash mining DAGs to keep in memory (1+GB each) (default: 1)
--ethash.dagsondisk value Number of recent ethash mining DAGs to keep on disk (1+GB each) (default: 2)
TRANSACTION POOL OPTIONS:
--txpool.locals value Comma separated accounts to treat as locals (no flush, priority inclusion)
--txpool.nolocals Disables price exemptions for locally submitted transactions
--txpool.journal value Disk journal for local transaction to survive node restarts (default: "transactions.rlp")
--txpool.rejournal value Time interval to regenerate the local transaction journal (default: 1h0m0s)
--txpool.pricelimit value Minimum gas price limit to enforce for acceptance into the pool (default: 1)
--txpool.pricebump value Price bump percentage to replace an already existing transaction (default: 10)
--txpool.accountslots value Minimum number of executable transaction slots guaranteed per account (default: 16)
--txpool.globalslots value Maximum number of executable transaction slots for all accounts (default: 4096)
--txpool.accountqueue value Maximum number of non-executable transaction slots permitted per account (default: 64)
--txpool.globalqueue value Maximum number of non-executable transaction slots for all accounts (default: 1024)
--txpool.lifetime value Maximum amount of time non-executable transaction are queued (default: 3h0m0s)
PERFORMANCE TUNING OPTIONS:
--cache value Megabytes of memory allocated to internal caching (default: 1024)
--cache.database value Percentage of cache memory allowance to use for database io (default: 75)
--cache.gc value Percentage of cache memory allowance to use for trie pruning (default: 25)
--trie-cache-gens value Number of trie node generations to keep in memory (default: 120)
ACCOUNT OPTIONS:
--unlock value Comma separated list of accounts to unlock
--password value Password file to use for non-interactive password input
API AND CONSOLE OPTIONS:
--rpc Enable the HTTP-RPC server
--rpcaddr value HTTP-RPC server listening interface (default: "localhost")
--rpcport value HTTP-RPC server listening port (default: 8545)
--rpcapi value API's offered over the HTTP-RPC interface
--ws Enable the WS-RPC server
--wsaddr value WS-RPC server listening interface (default: "localhost")
--wsport value WS-RPC server listening port (default: 8546)
--wsapi value API's offered over the WS-RPC interface
--wsorigins value Origins from which to accept websockets requests
--ipcdisable Disable the IPC-RPC server
--ipcpath Filename for IPC socket/pipe within the datadir (explicit paths escape it)
--rpccorsdomain value Comma separated list of domains from which to accept cross origin requests (browser enforced)
--rpcvhosts value Comma separated list of virtual hostnames from which to accept requests (server enforced). Accepts '*' wildcard. (default: "localhost")
--jspath loadScript JavaScript root path for loadScript (default: ".")
--exec value Execute JavaScript statement
--preload value Comma separated list of JavaScript files to preload into the console
NETWORKING OPTIONS:
--bootnodes value Comma separated enode URLs for P2P discovery bootstrap (set v4+v5 instead for light servers)
--bootnodesv4 value Comma separated enode URLs for P2P v4 discovery bootstrap (light server, full nodes)
--bootnodesv5 value Comma separated enode URLs for P2P v5 discovery bootstrap (light server, light nodes)
--port value Network listening port (default: 30303)
--maxpeers value Maximum number of network peers (network disabled if set to 0) (default: 25)
--maxpendpeers value Maximum number of pending connection attempts (defaults used if set to 0) (default: 0)
--nat value NAT port mapping mechanism (any|none|upnp|pmp|extip:<IP>) (default: "any")
--nodiscover Disables the peer discovery mechanism (manual peer addition)
--v5disc Enables the experimental RLPx V5 (Topic Discovery) mechanism
--netrestrict value Restricts network communication to the given IP networks (CIDR masks)
--nodekey value P2P node key file
--nodekeyhex value P2P node key as hex (for testing)
MINER OPTIONS:
--mine Enable mining
--miner.threads value Number of CPU threads to use for mining (default: 0)
--miner.notify value Comma separated HTTP URL list to notify of new work packages
--miner.gasprice "1000000000" Minimum gas price for mining a transaction
--miner.gastarget value Target gas floor for mined blocks (default: 8000000)
--miner.gaslimit value Target gas ceiling for mined blocks (default: 8000000)
--miner.etherbase value Public address for block mining rewards (default = first account) (default: "0")
--miner.extradata value Block extra data set by the miner (default = client version)
--miner.recommit value Time interval to recreate the block being mined (default: 3s)
--miner.noverify Disable remote sealing verification
GAS PRICE ORACLE OPTIONS:
--gpoblocks value Number of recent blocks to check for gas prices (default: 20)
--gpopercentile value Suggested gas price is the given percentile of a set of recent transaction gas prices (default: 60)
VIRTUAL MACHINE OPTIONS:
--vmdebug Record information useful for VM and contract debugging
--vm.evm value External EVM configuration (default = built-in interpreter)
--vm.ewasm value External ewasm configuration (default = built-in interpreter)
LOGGING AND DEBUGGING OPTIONS:
--fakepow Disables proof-of-work verification
--nocompaction Disables db compaction after import
--verbosity value Logging verbosity: 0=silent, 1=error, 2=warn, 3=info, 4=debug, 5=detail (default: 3)
--vmodule value Per-module verbosity: comma-separated list of <pattern>=<level> (e.g. eth/*=5,p2p=4)
--backtrace value Request a stack trace at a specific logging statement (e.g. "block.go:271")
--debug Prepends log messages with call-site location (file and line number)
--pprof Enable the pprof HTTP server
--pprofaddr value pprof HTTP server listening interface (default: "127.0.0.1")
--pprofport value pprof HTTP server listening port (default: 6060)
--memprofilerate value Turn on memory profiling with the given rate (default: 524288)
--blockprofilerate value Turn on block profiling with the given rate (default: 0)
--cpuprofile value Write CPU profile to the given file
--trace value Write execution trace to the given file
METRICS AND STATS OPTIONS:
--metrics Enable metrics collection and reporting
--metrics.influxdb Enable metrics export/push to an external InfluxDB database
--metrics.influxdb.endpoint value InfluxDB API endpoint to report metrics to (default: "http://localhost:8086")
--metrics.influxdb.database value InfluxDB database name to push reported metrics to (default: "geth")
--metrics.influxdb.username value Username to authorize access to the database (default: "test")
--metrics.influxdb.password value Password to authorize access to the database (default: "test")
--metrics.influxdb.host.tag host InfluxDB host tag attached to all measurements (default: "localhost")
WHISPER (EXPERIMENTAL) OPTIONS:
--shh Enable Whisper
--shh.maxmessagesize value Max message size accepted (default: 1048576)
--shh.pow value Minimum POW accepted (default: 0.2)
--shh.restrict-light Restrict connection between two whisper light clients
DEPRECATED OPTIONS:
--minerthreads value Number of CPU threads to use for mining (deprecated, use --miner.threads) (default: 0)
--targetgaslimit value Target gas floor for mined blocks (deprecated, use --miner.gastarget) (default: 8000000)
--gasprice "1000000000" Minimum gas price for mining a transaction (deprecated, use --miner.gasprice)
--etherbase value Public address for block mining rewards (default = first account, deprecated, use --miner.etherbase) (default: "0")
--extradata value Block extra data set by the miner (default = client version, deprecated, use --miner.extradata)
MISC OPTIONS:
--help, -h show help
options的内容较多，此处也是简略介绍部分用得到的内容。
1. --datadir
该命令用于指定区块链数据的存储文件夹，在区块链启动过程中需要自定义数据文件夹的情况下都会用到该选项，在上一篇中已经经过实践展示。
2. --testnet和--rinkeby
这两个选项用于选择网络类型，在创建私链的情况下不会使用到，是以太坊的两个测试公链。
3. --syncmode
用于指示同步模式，有"fast"/"full"/"light"三种选项，分别表示全节点模式，快速同步模式和轻节点模式，全节点会同步区块链中的所有数据；快速同步模式采取先同步完成再校验状态的方法；轻节点只同步区块头信息，不拥有完整的交易信息和状态信息，但是可以通过区块头中的交易树和状态树根节点hash值来验证交易信息和状态信息的有效性。
4. --unlock和--password
这两个参数用于解锁某个账户。
5. --rpc、--rpcaddr、--rpcport和--rpcapi
第一个参数用于打开rpc支持；其后三个参数分别指定rpc服务地址、rpc服务端口和rpc支持的接口。
6. --bootnodes
该参数可用于与其他节点进行连接并且信息交互。
7. --port
该参数指定P2P服务端口。
8. --mine
该参数用于启动挖矿进程。
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