准备被测程序
通过-g编译程序来携带debug信息，这样子输出的错误信息就可以包含精确的行号。如果你可以承受程序运行缓慢，那么我们可以使用-O0来编译程序。如果使用-O1，那么输出的行号可能会不准确。不推荐使用-O2及以上，因为 valgrind memcheck 偶尔会报告不存在的未初始化值错误。
运行程序
如果平时这么运行
myprog arg1 arg2
就使用这个命令
valgrind --leak-check=yes myprog arg1 arg2
Memcheck是默认的valgrind工具，--leak-check打开了内存泄漏检测开关。
通过这个命令运行，大约会比平时运行慢20到30倍，并且使用更大的内存。Memcheck 将发出它检测到的内存错误和泄漏的信息。
解释memcheck的输出
使用样例的C程序，包含一个内存分配错误和内存溢出
#include <stdlib.h>
void f(void)
{
int* x = malloc(10 * sizeof(int));
x[10] = 0; // problem 1: heap block overrun
} // problem 2: memory leak -- x not freed
int main(void)
{
f();
return 0;
}
执行内存检测
gcc -g demo.c
valgrind ./a.out
输出信息如下
==145== Memcheck, a memory error detector
==145== Copyright (C) 2002-2017, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
==145== Using Valgrind-3.17.0 and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info
==145== Command: ./a.out
==145==
==145== Invalid write of size 4
==145== at 0x401144: f (demo.c:6)
==145== by 0x401155: main (demo.c:11)
==145== Address 0x4a27068 is 0 bytes after a block of size 40 alloc'd
==145== at 0x484086F: malloc (vg_replace_malloc.c:380)
==145== by 0x401137: f (demo.c:5)
==145== by 0x401155: main (demo.c:11)
==145==
==145==
==145== HEAP SUMMARY:
==145== in use at exit: 40 bytes in 1 blocks
==145== total heap usage: 1 allocs, 0 frees, 40 bytes allocated
==145==
==145== 40 bytes in 1 blocks are definitely lost in loss record 1 of 1
==145== at 0x484086F: malloc (vg_replace_malloc.c:380)
==145== by 0x401137: f (demo.c:5)
==145== by 0x401155: main (demo.c:11)
==145==
==145== LEAK SUMMARY:
==145== definitely lost: 40 bytes in 1 blocks
==145== indirectly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==145== possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==145== still reachable: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==145== suppressed: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==145==
==145== For lists of detected and suppressed errors, rerun with: -s
==145== ERROR SUMMARY: 2 errors from 2 contexts (suppressed: 0 from 0)
- 145 是进程号
- 输出的第一行，即上方的第六行(
Invalid write)表明了错误的类型。这里程序往不归它拥有的内存中写入了信息 - 下方是错误的堆栈信息
- 代码地址如
0x401155通常并不重要，但有时候定位奇怪的问题可能会很关键 - 一些错误信息会有第二段，用来描述所涉及的内存地址。上例指出写入的内存刚好超过 example.c 的第 5 行使用 malloc() 分配的块的末尾。
内存泄漏信息
==145== 40 bytes in 1 blocks are definitely lost in loss record 1 of 1
==145== at 0x484086F: malloc (vg_replace_malloc.c:380)
==145== by 0x401137: f (demo.c:5)
==145== by 0x401155: main (demo.c:11)
堆栈可以表明什么内存泄露了，但memcheck并不能告诉你内存泄漏的原因
valgrind会提示两种内存泄漏
- "definitely lost": 绝对泄漏了内存，必须修复
- "probably lost": 程序可能泄漏了内存，也有可能是一些特定的指针操作（如：指针放到了堆中）
参考
https://www.valgrind.org/docs/manual/quick-start.html#quick-start.intro
https://www.valgrind.org/docs/manual/mc-manual.html#mc-manual.errormsgs
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