2017年8月8日

刻意练习最为核心的目的，就是创建有效的心理表征

      说起Mental representations心理表征，感觉很抽象，只可意会不可言传的感觉。其实我们每个人生活中都在不知不觉运用自己对某件事物的心理表征，比如我教我的孩子中文好多年，有些妈妈问我最常见的问题就是“我的孩子认字好多了，为什么还不能读书？”这时候我判断这个问题可能就不会像她们一样只是单纯的把认字量的多少等同于会读书，我就会从孩子从最开始说话，理解力提升，建立自己的认知体系，然后认字读书这整个过程从一个自然发展的环环相扣的整体去把握，这时候我其实就是在无意识的运用自己的心理表征，因为我多年来一直在亲身实践教授一个幼儿直至可以自主阅读的事情。好多妈妈只是关注了结果--阅读，能够阅读当然要会认字，由此认字等于阅读，但其实孩子到达自主阅读水平不是一个简单的过程，这不是一个简单的认字量的堆积，它是孩子各方面认知体系的成熟过程，不仅仅是知识智力水平方面的提升，同时也是情感方面的丰富和成熟过程。

这也就像书中提到“只见树木，不见森林”。

对于一般新手而言，总是局限于眼前看到的事物之间简单的内部联系，而对于高手来说，则能够从整体上去把握，他们眼中看到的事物之间都存在的各种复杂的内在联系，而不是孤立存在的，他们会考虑事物之间的任何可能的联系，就像国际象棋大师眼中的棋子不是一个个互不联系的孤立个体，而是整盘棋中的一部分;就像专业医生他们遇到疑难病例，他们的复杂的心理表征使得他们能够马上考虑大量不同的事实，会提出各种可能的诊断，然后分析各种各样的替代选择，以便从中选择最有可能的那一种;就像一个钢琴大师，一个琴谱对于他不是音符而已，弹奏之前，他的脑中已然浮现出整个乐曲的整体气势风格 ，音符之间的各种联系，他的手在某个琴键的具体方式位置.....

心理表征是一种与我们大脑正在思考的（某个物体、某个观点、某些信息或者其他任何）事物相对应的具体或抽象的心理结构。

A mental representation is a mental structure that corresponds to an object,an idea,a collection of information,or anything else,concrete or abstract,that the brain is thinking baout.

其实我觉得用最通俗最容易理解话来说，心理表征就是经验。

你在某个领域投入的时间精力越多，你在这方面的经验就越丰富，你这方面的心理表征就越有组织条理性，越精密越细致，更能快速的，有效的解决的你面临的这一领域各种问题。

这种经验/心理表征体现在天才人群身上就表现为更为复杂的，更为综合的“知识结构”。他们的知识结构往往比普通人数量更多，质量更高。

如果用照相机来比喻，那么顶级人才的心理表征就是具有“像素级”的识别判断能力，他们往往可以洞察最细小的差异，从而做出最精准的判断和行动。而这背后则是他们艰苦卓越的刻意练习形成的独特心理结构。

刻意练习的主要目的是创建有效的心理表征，心理表征反过来在刻意练习中发挥着重要的作用。两者是相互交织的，刻意练习有助于建立高效的心理表征，反过来，心理表征心理表征越有效，技能水平也会越出色。The more effective the mental representations is, the better the performance will be.

The main purpose of deliberate practice is to develop effctive mental representations ,and mental representions in turn play a key role in deliberate practice.

心理表征并不只是刻意练习某项技能的结果，它们还可以帮助我们学习。在这方面，有点类似于鸡和蛋的关系，刻意练习了技能，可以改善心理表征；而改变心理表征，也有助于刻意练习磨砺训练。在任何领域，技能与心理表征之间的关系是一个良性循环：你的技能越娴熟，创建的心理表征就越好；而心理表征越好，就越能有效地练习，以磨炼技能。举例来说，最优秀的音乐家往往对音乐作品有着极为细致的心理表征，他们用这些表征来指导自己的练习，指引他们在演出作品时的表现。他们用心理表征为自己做出反馈，以便知道自己有没有准确地把握好作品，以及还需要做些什么，从而表现得更优秀。

Your existing mental representations guide your performance and llow you to both monitor and judge that performance.

这就像你一边攀爬楼梯，一边搭建新的阶梯。你攀爬的每一步阶梯，都让你来到了需要搭建新阶梯的地方。然后，你搭建了新的阶梯，爬上去之后，你又得准备搭建下一步阶梯了。这是一个良性循环。随着你迫使自己去做一些以前没做过的事情，比如说，去培育一项新技能，或者磨砺一项已有的技能，那么，你也在拓展和优化自己的心理表征。心理表征得到了拓展和优化，你便能够出色做好以前从未做过的事情了。

As you push yourself to do something new--to develop a new skill or sharpen an old one ---you are also expanding and sharpening your mental representations,which will in turn make it possible for you to do more than you could before.

单词部分

1.hallmark n.标志;特征;特点 The hallmark of something or someone is their most typical quality or feature.

In pretty much every area, a hallmark of expert performance is the ability to see patterns in a collection of things...

. Clear expression is the hallmark of good writing

2.chunk n.1.(linguistics 语言) a phrase or group of words which can be learnt as a unit by sb who is learning a language. Examples of chunks are ‘Can I have the bill, please? ’ and ‘Pleased to meet you ’. 话语组成部分；组块

...you could break up the strings of words into chunks that had individual meaning ....

2.(N-COUNT) 大量;大部分 A chunk of something is a large amount or large part of it.

I've already written a fair chunk of the article.

3.厚块;大块 Chunks of something are thick solid pieces of it.

a chunk of cheese/masonry

3.bunch 1.(QUANT) 大量；大批 A bunch of things is a number of things, especially a large number.

...all of the details you read are essentially a bunch of unrelated facts....

We did a bunch of songs together.

2.(N-COUNT) 一伙，一群（人） A bunch of people is a group of people who share one or more characteristics or who are doing something together.

We were a pretty inexperienced bunch of people really..

3.(N-COUNT) 一束（花） A bunch of flowers is a number of flowers with their stalks held or tied together.

He had left a huge bunch of flowers in her hotel room.

4.一串（香蕉或葡萄） A bunch of bananas or grapes is a group of them growing on the same stem.

a fat bunch of grapes.

5.(N-COUNT) 一串（钥匙） A bunch of keys is a set of keys kept together on a metal ring.

He took out a bunch of keys and went to work on the complicated lock.

4.gibberish n.莫名其妙的话；令人费解的观点；胡话 If you describe some-one's words or ideas as gibberish, you mean that they do not make any sense

Thus a chess expert can look at a series of move in chess notation that are gibberish to most people

You were talking gibberish in your sleep.

5.assimilate v..[动词 + 名词短语] to fully understand an idea or some information so that you are able to use it yourself 透彻理解；消化；吸收

This doctor must do at least three different things:assimilate facts about teh patient...

I will need time to assimilate this report.

These changes were gradually assimilated into everyday life.

2.（使）同化；（使）融入 When people such as immigrants assimilate into a community or when that community assimilates them, they 

become an accepted part of it.

New arrivals find it hard to assimilate.

His family tried to assimilate into the  communities...

6.stymie v.妨碍;阻挠;阻碍 If you are stymied by something, you find it very difficult to take action or to continue what you are doing.

Sever readers identified Horner's syndrome correctly but were stymied by now that might be connected to the ear pain.

Her plan has benn stymied by her husband.

7.rudimentary  adj.(知识)基本的，初步的，粗浅的 Rudimentary knowledge includes only the simplest and most basic facts.

Medical students ,whose mental representations of diagnostic medicine are still rudimentary.

I have only a rudimentary knowledge of French

2.基本的;简陋的;不完善的 Rudimentary things are very basic or simple and are therefore unsatisfactory.

...a kind of rudimentary kitchen...

8.hone  v.磨炼（技能）;开发（产品）；锤炼（观点） If you hone something, for example a skill, technique, idea, or product, you carefully develop it over a long period of time so that it is exactly right for your purpose.

We gradually honed our mental representation of the book until we had something that seemed to meet all of pur goals.

His body is honed and kept in trim with constant exercise.

She honed her debating skills at college.

It was a finely honed piece of writing.

2.磨（刀等）；把…磨快 If you hone a blade, weapon, or tool, you sharpen it on a stone or with a special device.

..a thin, honed blade.

9.red herrings n.遮眼法；转移注意力之物 If you say that something is a red herring, you mean that it is not important and it takes your attention away from the main subject or problem you are considering.

....Which is most relevant and which might be red herrings.

Stop chasing red herrings and get back to the point.

10.period  adv.(ADV) 到此为止；不再说了 Some people say period after stating a fact or opinion when they want to emphasize that they are definite about something and do not want to discuss it further.

---and sometimes make it possible ,period.

I don't want to do it, period.