git

作者: della岳 | 来源:发表于2019-03-27 14:43 被阅读0次

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<div id='write' class = 'is-node'><h1><a name='header-n0' class='md-header-anchor '></a>git</h1><h2><a name='header-n2' class='md-header-anchor '></a>安装</h2><p>下载安装<a href='https://git-scm.com/' target='_blank' class='url'>https://git-scm.com/</a></p><p>安装时傻瓜式安装，不用修改选项</p><p>安装成功后，右击，会出现：</p><p>Git Gui ,图形化界面，一般不用</p><p>Git Bash，一个linux终端</p><h3><a name='header-n243' class='md-header-anchor '></a>GIt Bash常用命令</h3><p><span> </span><code>clear</code>清空终端内容</p><h2><a name='header-n8' class='md-header-anchor '></a>常用命令</h2><h3><a name='header-n9' class='md-header-anchor '></a>初始化</h3><p><code>git init</code></p><p>在项目目录右击git bash，初始化git，会在当前项目增加一个.git隐藏目录,那些版本备份都会在该文件夹下</p><h3><a name='header-n12' class='md-header-anchor '></a>配置用户信息</h3><p>该操作一个人只要配置一次</p><p>自报家门，在git中设置当前使用的用户是谁</p><p><code>git config --global user.name "xiaoyue"</code></p><p><code>git config --global user.email "xiaoyue@qq.com"</code> //不一定是真实的，但一定是符合邮箱格式的</p><h3><a name='header-n17' class='md-header-anchor '></a>添加到暂存区</h3><p><code>git add ./readme.md</code> ./代表当前文件夹 ,没有报错代表成功</p><p><code>git add .</code> //提交全部，除了忽略文件之外</p><h3><a name='header-n20' class='md-header-anchor '></a>提交到本地仓库</h3><p><code>git commit -m "我初始化好项目了"</code></p><p>-m : --message 提交信息，方便以后查看时，知道本次提交做了些什么</p><h3><a name='header-n23' class='md-header-anchor '></a>查看状态</h3><p><code>git status</code></p><p>若工作区是干净的，表示没有修改。没有要提交到暂存区的文件，也没有要提交到本地仓库的文件</p><p>红色代表有修改代码，但是还没有提交到暂存区</p><p>绿色表示有修改，没有提交到本地仓库</p><h3><a name='header-n28' class='md-header-anchor '></a>一次性提交所有</h3><p><code>git commit --all -m "一些说明"</code></p><h3><a name='header-n126' class='md-header-anchor '></a>提交到远程仓库</h3><p><code>git push 【远程地址】【分支名】</code> 提交到远程仓库master分支</p><p><span> </span>如果是第一次提交，会需要填写用户名和邮箱什么的</p><p><span> </span>把当前分支的内容上传到远程的master分支</p><p><code>git remote add 【给该远程地址起的名字origin】【远程地址】</code> 设置一个远程的路径</p><p><span> </span>设置完之后，再次提交时可以这样写<code>git push origin master</code></p><p><code>git push --set-upstream 【远程地址的名字】 master</code> 如果不想每次都填写远程地址，就可以设置一次默认的远程地址和默认的分支，<code>--set-upstream</code>可以缩写为<code>-u</code></p><p><span> </span>设置完之后，在提交时就可以这样写 <code>git push</code> </p><h3><a name='header-n135' class='md-header-anchor '></a>拉取远程仓库的内容</h3><h4><a name='header-n143' class='md-header-anchor '></a>方式一：pull</h4><p><code>git pull 【远程地址】【分支名】</code> </p><p>会把远程分支的数据得到，注意一定先要<code>git init</code>初始化一下</p><p>如果本地也有内容，拉取时就会合并，如果有冲突，自己手动处理冲突</p><p>如果想直接<code>git pull</code>，那你需要在push时用一次-u</p><p><span> </span><code>git remote add 【给该远程地址起的名字origin】【远程地址】</code></p><p><span> </span><code>git push --set-upstream 【远程地址的名字】 master</code></p><h4><a name='header-n144' class='md-header-anchor '></a>方式二：clone</h4><p><code>git clone [远程地址]</code></p><p>注意一定先要<code>git init</code>初始化一下</p><p>把项目整个克隆下来，多克隆几次会覆盖本地，所以小心使用</p><h3><a name='header-n30' class='md-header-anchor '></a>查看提交日志/记录</h3><p><code>git log</code> //多行显示日志</p><p><code>git log --oneline</code> //查看简洁版日志</p><p><code>git reflog</code>//可以看到所有提交和切换的记录</p><h3><a name='header-n34' class='md-header-anchor '></a>回溯到之前的版本</h3><h4><a name='header-n35' class='md-header-anchor '></a>方式一</h4><p>先查看提交日志有几条记录，记录是上面最新下面最旧,从上往下一次为0迭代</p><p><code>git --hard Head~0</code> 回溯到上一次的版本</p><p><code>git --hard Head~1</code> 回溯到上上一次的版本</p><p><code>git --hard Head~2</code> 回溯到上上上一次的版本</p><p>回溯完后，你的日志记录就只有回溯之前的了</p><h4><a name='header-n41' class='md-header-anchor '></a>方式二</h4><p><code>git --hard '日志id'</code> //回溯到准确的某个地方</p><p>,虽然log只显示之前的记录，但是你还是能通过日志id直接通过此方式进行回溯</p><h3><a name='header-n44' class='md-header-anchor '></a>分支</h3><p><code>git branch dev</code>，创建一个叫dev的分支</p><p><code>git branch</code>查看分支，前面带有*号的表示当前所处分支</p><p><code>git checkout dev</code>，切换到dev分支</p><p><code>git merge dev</code>，合并dev分支到当前分支（有*的那个分支）</p><p>情景：假如我在做一个轮播图的功能，花时比较长，只能提交到分支了为了不影响其他人</p><p><span> </span>此时添加分支banner，</p><p><span> </span>切换到banner分支，</p><p><span> </span>提交代码到分支，</p><p><span> </span>等到更能完成，提交代码到分支</p><p><span> </span>切换到主分支，查看log，你会发现log里并没有分支提交记录，</p><p><span> </span>此时你需要合并banner到主分支，在查看log，就有分支的提交记录了</p><p><code>git branch -d dev</code> 删除某个分支，注意：只有不在dev分支的时候才能删除dev分支</p><h3><a name='header-n72' class='md-header-anchor '></a>ssh方式上传代码</h3><p>不需要用户名和密码</p><p>公钥私钥</p><h4><a name='header-n180' class='md-header-anchor '></a>获取公钥</h4><p>生成你的公钥ssh <a href='https://gitee.com/help/articles/4181#article-header0' target='_blank' class='url'>https://gitee.com/help/articles/4181#article-header0</a>。按照说明文档在git bash上操作获取公钥.</p><p>如果已经有公钥了直接获取就行（查看自己电脑有没有配置过公钥，用户>xiaoyue>.ssh>id_rsa.pab 打开此文件，里边就是你的公钥）</p><ul><li>运行命令<code>ssh-keygen -t rsa -C "xxxxx@xxxxx.com"</code></li><li>按照提示完成三次回车，即可生成 ssh key</li><li>通过查看 <code>cat ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub</code> 文件内容，获取到你的 public key</li><li>复制你的公钥，在线上码云添加公钥。完成此操作，你的电脑就和你线上的码云仓库就打通了</li></ul><h2><a name='header-n60' class='md-header-anchor '></a>常见报错情况</h2><h3><a name='header-n61' class='md-header-anchor '></a>常见错误一</h3><p><em>error: bad signature</em> //错误的签名

<em>fatal: index file corrupt</em> //索引文件损坏</p><h4><a name='header-n62' class='md-header-anchor '></a>解决方法1：</h4><p><code>rm -f .git/index</code> //rm为linux语句，删除文件用的 rm -f表示直接删除</p><p><code>git reset</code> <span> </span>//重置</p><h4><a name='header-n65' class='md-header-anchor '></a>接单粗暴的解决：</h4><p>直接删除.git文件，重新init</p><h3><a name='header-n80' class='md-header-anchor '></a>常见错误二</h3><p>merge合并dev分支时，出现冲突conflicts！需要手动进行修改选择，删除不要的，留下正确的</p><pre spellcheck="false" class="md-fences md-end-block ty-contain-cm modeLoaded" lang=""><div class="CodeMirror cm-s-inner CodeMirror-wrap" lang=""><div style="overflow: hidden; position: relative; width: 3px; height: 0px; top: 0px; left: 8px;"><textarea autocorrect="off" autocapitalize="off" spellcheck="false" tabindex="0" style="position: absolute; bottom: -1em; padding: 0px; width: 1000px; height: 1em; outline: none;"></textarea></div><div class="CodeMirror-scrollbar-filler" cm-not-content="true"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutter-filler" cm-not-content="true"></div><div class="CodeMirror-scroll" tabindex="-1"><div class="CodeMirror-sizer" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px;"><div style="position: relative; top: 0px;"><div class="CodeMirror-lines" role="presentation"><div role="presentation" style="position: relative; outline: none;"><div class="CodeMirror-measure"></div><div class="CodeMirror-measure"></div><div style="position: relative; z-index: 1;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-code" role="presentation" style=""><div class="CodeMirror-activeline" style="position: relative;"><div class="CodeMirror-activeline-background CodeMirror-linebackground"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutter-background CodeMirror-activeline-gutter" style="left: 0px; width: 0px;"></div><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;">HEAD>>>></span></pre></div><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;">...当前分支的代码内容</span></pre><div class="" style="position: relative;"><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;">_____________________________</span></pre></div><div class="" style="position: relative;"><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;">...dev分支的代码内容</span></pre></div><div class="" style="position: relative;"><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><<<<<dev</span></pre></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="position: absolute; height: 0px; width: 1px; border-bottom: 0px solid transparent; top: 115px;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutters" style="display: none; height: 115px;"></div></div></div></pre><p>然后再查看状态，该提交的提交</p><h3><a name='header-n82' class='md-header-anchor '></a>常见问题三</h3><h4><a name='header-n185' class='md-header-anchor '></a>情景：</h4><p>A用户修改了index代码上传到github，B用户在没有更新的情况下修改了本地代码，并准备上传。如果上传会报错。</p><ul><li>这个时候，应该先拉取远程的代码到本地，再上传，提示有冲突就在本地解决冲突。</li><li>如果先上传再拉取就是在远程会出现冲突，远程有冲突不易解决。</li><li>所以，养成良好的习惯，先拉取再上传</li></ul><h4><a name='header-n192' class='md-header-anchor '></a>注意：</h4><p>如果拉取的时候，bash终端会出现编辑信息的页面，</p><p>此时，按下Esc，再按下：（冒号），再按下w（保存）q（退出），再回车，终端下面会显示<code>：wq</code></p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p></div>

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