转自： http://blog.chinaunix.net/uid-127037-id-2919500.html
1. 前言
在2.4内核中出现了ip_queue，用于将数据包从内核空间传递到用户空间，其不足之处是只能有一个应用程序接收内核数据。到了2.6.14以后，新增了nfnetlink_queue，理论上可最大可支持65536个应用程序接口，而且可以兼容ip_queue。
不过从内核到用户空间的通道还是只有一个，实际上netfilter对每个协议族也只有一个队列，这里说的65536个子队列的实现就象802.1Q实现VLAN一样是在数据包中设置ID号来区分的，不同ID的包都通过相同的接口传输，只是在两端根据ID号进行了分类处理。
2. 用户空间
用户空间的支持库包括两个：libnfnetlink和libnetfilter_queue，后者需要前者支持，其源码可到netfilter网站上下载。
2.1 数据结构
2.1.1
/*linux_nfnetlink.h */
// 基本属性结构
struct nfattr
{
// 长度
u_int16_t nfa_len;
// leix
u_int16_t nfa_type; /* we use 15 bits for the type, and the highest
* bit to indicate whether the payload is nested */
} __attribute__ ((packed));
// nf基本消息结构
struct nfgenmsg {
u_int8_t nfgen_family; /* AF_xxx */
u_int8_t version; /* nfnetlink version */
u_int16_t res_id; /* resource id */
} __attribute__ ((packed));
/* nfnl是netfilter netlink的缩写 */
// nfnl回调结构
struct nfnl_callback
{
int (*call)(struct sock *nl, struct sk_buff *skb,
struct nlmsghdr *nlh, struct nfattr *cda[], int *errp);
u_int16_t attr_count; /* number of nfattr's */
};
// netfilter netlink子系统结构
struct nfnetlink_subsystem
{
const char *name;
__u8 subsys_id; /* nfnetlink subsystem ID */
__u8 cb_count; /* number of callbacks */
struct nfnl_callback *cb; /* callback for individual types */
};
2.1.2
/*libnfnetlink.h */
/* nfnl是netfilter netlink的缩写 */
// netfilter的netlink消息头结构
struct nfnlhdr {
struct nlmsghdr nlh;
struct nfgenmsg nfmsg;
};
// netfilter的netlink回调函数
struct nfnl_callback {
int (*call)(struct nlmsghdr *nlh, struct nfattr *nfa[], void *data);
void *data;
u_int16_t attr_count;
};
2.1.3
/* libnfnetlink.c */
// netfilter netlink子系统的handle结构
struct nfnl_subsys_handle {
struct nfnl_handle *nfnlh;
u_int32_t subscriptions;
u_int8_t subsys_id;
u_int8_t cb_count;
struct nfnl_callback *cb; /* array of callbacks */
};
#define NFNL_MAX_SUBSYS 16 /* enough for now */
// netfilter netlink的handle结构
struct nfnl_handle {
int fd; // socket
struct sockaddr_nl local; // 本地netlink socket信息
struct sockaddr_nl peer; // 对端的netlink socket信息
u_int32_t subscriptions;
u_int32_t seq; // 序号
u_int32_t dump;
struct nlmsghdr *last_nlhdr; // 上一个消息
struct nfnl_subsys_handle subsys[NFNL_MAX_SUBSYS+1]; // 各子系统的handle
};
/*linux_nfnetlink_queue.h */
/* nfqnl是netfilter queue netlink的缩写 */
// nfqueue_netlink消息类型
enum nfqnl_msg_types {
NFQNL_MSG_PACKET, /* packet from kernel to userspace */
NFQNL_MSG_VERDICT, /* verdict from userspace to kernel */
NFQNL_MSG_CONFIG, /* connect to a particular queue */
NFQNL_MSG_MAX
};
// nfqueue_netlink消息包头结构
struct nfqnl_msg_packet_hdr {
u_int32_t packet_id; /* unique ID of packet in queue */
u_int16_t hw_protocol; /* hw protocol (network order) */
u_int8_t hook; /* netfilter hook */
} __attribute__ ((packed));
// nfqueue_netlink消息包头的硬件地址信息
struct nfqnl_msg_packet_hw {
u_int16_t hw_addrlen;
u_int16_t _pad;
u_int8_t hw_addr[8];
} __attribute__ ((packed));
// nfqueue_netlink消息数据包时间戳，都是64位的
struct nfqnl_msg_packet_timestamp {
aligned_u64 sec;
aligned_u64 usec;
} __attribute__ ((packed));
// nfqueue_netlink属性类型
enum nfqnl_attr_type {
NFQA_UNSPEC,
NFQA_PACKET_HDR,
NFQA_VERDICT_HDR, /* nfqnl_msg_verdict_hrd */
NFQA_MARK, /* u_int32_t nfmark */
NFQA_TIMESTAMP, /* nfqnl_msg_packet_timestamp */
NFQA_IFINDEX_INDEV, /* u_int32_t ifindex */
NFQA_IFINDEX_OUTDEV, /* u_int32_t ifindex */
NFQA_IFINDEX_PHYSINDEV, /* u_int32_t ifindex */
NFQA_IFINDEX_PHYSOUTDEV, /* u_int32_t ifindex */
NFQA_HWADDR, /* nfqnl_msg_packet_hw */
NFQA_PAYLOAD, /* opaque data payload */
__NFQA_MAX
};
#define NFQA_MAX (__NFQA_MAX - 1)
// nfqueue_netlink数据包的裁定结果头结构
struct nfqnl_msg_verdict_hdr {
u_int32_t verdict;
u_int32_t id;
} __attribute__ ((packed));
// nfqueue_netlink消息的配置命令类型
enum nfqnl_msg_config_cmds {
NFQNL_CFG_CMD_NONE,
NFQNL_CFG_CMD_BIND, // 和队列绑定
NFQNL_CFG_CMD_UNBIND, // 取消和队列的绑定
NFQNL_CFG_CMD_PF_BIND, // 和协议族绑定
NFQNL_CFG_CMD_PF_UNBIND, // 取消和协议族的绑定
};
// nfqueue_netlink消息的配置命令结构
struct nfqnl_msg_config_cmd {
u_int8_t command; /* nfqnl_msg_config_cmds */
u_int8_t _pad;
u_int16_t pf; /* AF_xxx for PF_[UN]BIND */
} __attribute__ ((packed));
// nfqueue_netlink消息的配置模式类型
enum nfqnl_config_mode {
NFQNL_COPY_NONE, // 不拷贝
NFQNL_COPY_META, // 只拷贝头部信息
NFQNL_COPY_PACKET, // 拷贝整个数据包
};
// nfqueue_netlink消息的配置结构
struct nfqnl_msg_config_params {
u_int32_t copy_range;
u_int8_t copy_mode; /* enum nfqnl_config_mode */
} __attribute__ ((packed));
// nfqueue_netlink属性类型
enum nfqnl_attr_config {
NFQA_CFG_UNSPEC,
NFQA_CFG_CMD, /* nfqnl_msg_config_cmd */
NFQA_CFG_PARAMS, /* nfqnl_msg_config_params */
__NFQA_CFG_MAX
};
#define NFQA_CFG_MAX (__NFQA_CFG_MAX-1)
2.1.4
/* libnetfilter_queue.c */
// netfilter queue的handle结构
struct nfq_handle
{
struct nfnl_handle *nfnlh; // nf netlink handle
struct nfnl_subsys_handle *nfnlssh; // 子系统的handle
struct nfq_q_handle *qh_list; //
};
// netfilter queue的节点队列结构
struct nfq_q_handle
{
// 下一个节点
struct nfq_q_handle *next;
// 该队列的handle
struct nfq_handle *h;
// id号，每个queue有唯一ID，一共可支持65536个queue
u_int16_t id;
// typedef int nfq_callback(struct nfq_q_handle *gh, struct nfgenmsg *nfmsg,
// struct nfq_data *nfad, void *data);
// nf queue的回调函数
nfq_callback *cb;
// nf queue的回调函数输入数据指针
void *data;
};
struct nfq_data {
struct nfattr **data;
};
2.2 接口函数声明
2.2.1 libnfnetlink
实际上这些函数和宏都是被netfilter_queue的接口函数所包装，一般用户应用程序中不用直接调用这些函数或宏。
/* libnfnetlink.h */
extern int nfnl_fd(struct nfnl_handle *h);
/* get a new library handle */
extern struct nfnl_handle *nfnl_open(void);
extern int nfnl_close(struct nfnl_handle *);
extern struct nfnl_subsys_handle *nfnl_subsys_open(struct nfnl_handle *,
u_int8_t, u_int8_t,
unsigned int);
extern void nfnl_subsys_close(struct nfnl_subsys_handle *);
/* sending of data */
extern int nfnl_send(struct nfnl_handle *, struct nlmsghdr *);
extern int nfnl_sendmsg(const struct nfnl_handle *, const struct msghdr *msg,
unsigned int flags);
extern int nfnl_sendiov(const struct nfnl_handle *nfnlh,
const struct iovec *iov, unsigned int num,
unsigned int flags);
extern void nfnl_fill_hdr(struct nfnl_subsys_handle *, struct nlmsghdr *,
unsigned int, u_int8_t, u_int16_t, u_int16_t,
u_int16_t);
extern int nfnl_talk(struct nfnl_handle *, struct nlmsghdr *, pid_t,
unsigned, struct nlmsghdr *,
int (*)(struct sockaddr_nl *, struct nlmsghdr *, void *),
void *);
/* simple challenge/response */
extern int nfnl_listen(struct nfnl_handle *,
int (*)(struct sockaddr_nl *, struct nlmsghdr *, void *),
void *);
/* receiving */
extern ssize_t nfnl_recv(const struct nfnl_handle *h, unsigned char *buf, size_t len);
extern int nfnl_callback_register(struct nfnl_subsys_handle *,
u_int8_t type, struct nfnl_callback *cb);
extern int nfnl_callback_unregister(struct nfnl_subsys_handle *, u_int8_t type);
extern int nfnl_handle_packet(struct nfnl_handle *, char *buf, int len);
/* parsing */
extern struct nfattr *nfnl_parse_hdr(const struct nfnl_handle *nfnlh,
const struct nlmsghdr *nlh,
struct nfgenmsg **genmsg);
extern int nfnl_check_attributes(const struct nfnl_handle *nfnlh,
const struct nlmsghdr *nlh,
struct nfattr *tb[]);
extern struct nlmsghdr *nfnl_get_msg_first(struct nfnl_handle *h,
const unsigned char *buf,
size_t len);
extern struct nlmsghdr *nfnl_get_msg_next(struct nfnl_handle *h,
const unsigned char *buf,
size_t len);
#define nfnl_attr_present(tb, attr) \
(tb[attr-1])
#define nfnl_get_data(tb, attr, type) \
({ type __ret = 0; \
if (tb[attr-1]) \
__ret = *(type *)NFA_DATA(tb[attr-1]); \
__ret; \
})
#define nfnl_get_pointer_to_data(tb, attr, type) \
({ type *__ret = NULL; \
if (tb[attr-1]) \
__ret = NFA_DATA(tb[attr-1]); \
__ret; \
})
/* nfnl attribute handling functions */
extern int nfnl_addattr_l(struct nlmsghdr *, int, int, void *, int);
extern int nfnl_addattr16(struct nlmsghdr *, int, int, u_int16_t);
extern int nfnl_addattr32(struct nlmsghdr *, int, int, u_int32_t);
extern int nfnl_nfa_addattr_l(struct nfattr *, int, int, void *, int);
extern int nfnl_nfa_addattr16(struct nfattr *, int, int, u_int16_t);
extern int nfnl_nfa_addattr32(struct nfattr *, int, int, u_int32_t);
extern int nfnl_parse_attr(struct nfattr **, int, struct nfattr *, int);
#define nfnl_parse_nested(tb, max, nfa) \
nfnl_parse_attr((tb), (max), NFA_DATA((nfa)), NFA_PAYLOAD((nfa)))
#define nfnl_nest(nlh, bufsize, type) \
({ struct nfattr *__start = NLMSG_TAIL(nlh); \
nfnl_addattr_l(nlh, bufsize, (NFNL_NFA_NEST | type), NULL, 0); \
__start; })
#define nfnl_nest_end(nlh, tail) \
({ (tail)->nfa_len = (void *) NLMSG_TAIL(nlh) - (void *) tail; })
extern void nfnl_build_nfa_iovec(struct iovec *iov, struct nfattr *nfa,
u_int16_t type, u_int32_t len,
unsigned char *val);
extern unsigned int nfnl_rcvbufsiz(struct nfnl_handle *h, unsigned int size);
extern void nfnl_dump_packet(struct nlmsghdr *, int, char *);
2.2.2 libnetfilter_queue
/* libnetfilter_queue.h */
// 打开一个nfqueue的handle,返回NULL表示失败
extern struct nfq_handle *nfq_open(void);
// 打开nf netlink handle对应的nfqueue
extern struct nfq_handle *nfq_open_nfnl(struct nfnl_handle *nfnlh);
// 关闭nfqueue
extern int nfq_close(struct nfq_handle *h);
// 对nfqueue绑定协议族
extern int nfq_bind_pf(struct nfq_handle *h, u_int16_t pf);
// 对nfqueue取消协议族绑定
extern int nfq_unbind_pf(struct nfq_handle *h, u_int16_t pf);
// 建立具体的queue的handle,由num指定queue的序号, 返回NULL失败
extern struct nfq_q_handle *nfq_create_queue(struct nfq_handle *h,
u_int16_t num,
nfq_callback *cb,
void *data);
// 释放队列
extern int nfq_destroy_queue(struct nfq_q_handle *qh);
// 处理队列的数据包
extern int nfq_handle_packet(struct nfq_handle *h, char *buf, int len);
// 设置queue handle的数据拷贝模式
extern int nfq_set_mode(struct nfq_q_handle *qh,
u_int8_t mode, unsigned int len);
// 设置数据包的判定结果, id用于指定具体的包, buf和data_len用于传递修改后的数据
extern int nfq_set_verdict(struct nfq_q_handle *qh,
u_int32_t id,
u_int32_t verdict,
u_int32_t data_len,
unsigned char *buf);
// 设置数据包的mark值
extern int nfq_set_verdict_mark(struct nfq_q_handle *qh,
u_int32_t id,
u_int32_t verdict,
u_int32_t mark,
u_int32_t datalen,
unsigned char *buf);
/* message parsing function */
// 从缓冲区原始数据中返回消息头结构
extern struct nfqnl_msg_packet_hdr *
nfq_get_msg_packet_hdr(struct nfq_data *nfad);
// 获取数据的mark信息
extern u_int32_t nfq_get_nfmark(struct nfq_data *nfad);
extern int nfq_get_timestamp(struct nfq_data *nfad, struct timeval *tv);
/* return 0 if not set */
// 返回数据包进入网卡的索引号
extern u_int32_t nfq_get_indev(struct nfq_data *nfad);
// 返回数据包进入的物理网卡的索引号
extern u_int32_t nfq_get_physindev(struct nfq_data *nfad);
// 返回数据包发出网卡的索引号
extern u_int32_t nfq_get_outdev(struct nfq_data *nfad);
// 返回数据包发出的物理网卡的索引号
extern u_int32_t nfq_get_physoutdev(struct nfq_data *nfad);
// 返回数据包硬件地址
extern struct nfqnl_msg_packet_hw *nfq_get_packet_hw(struct nfq_data *nfad);
/* return -1 if problem, length otherwise */
// 获取数据包中载荷地址
extern int nfq_get_payload(struct nfq_data *nfad, char **data);
2.3 netfilter queue接口函数的实现
/* libnetfilter_queue.c */
// 删除一个queue节点
// 各个nfq_q_handle结构都是其nfq_handle中的qh_list链表中的一个节点
// 所以删除节点就是将其从链表中移出即可，该函数不进行内存释放操作
// 结构可表示如下：
// nfq_handle -> qh_list
// ^ |
// | V
// | nfq_q_handle -> nfq_q_handle -> ...
// | | |
// |______________|_______________|_________________
static void del_qh(struct nfq_q_handle *qh)
{
struct nfq_q_handle *cur_qh, *prev_qh = NULL;
for (cur_qh = qh->h->qh_list; cur_qh; cur_qh = cur_qh->next) {
if (cur_qh == qh) {
if (prev_qh)
prev_qh->next = qh->next;
else
qh->h->qh_list = qh->next;
return;
}
prev_qh = cur_qh;
}
}
// 把一个nfq_q_handle结构添加到链表中
static void add_qh(struct nfq_q_handle *qh)
{
qh->next = qh->h->qh_list;
qh->h->qh_list = qh;
}
// 根据ID号找nfq_q_handle节点
static struct nfq_q_handle *find_qh(struct nfq_handle *h, u_int16_t id)
{
struct nfq_q_handle *qh;
for (qh = h->qh_list; qh; qh = qh->next) {
if (qh->id == id)
return qh;
}
return NULL;
}
/* build a NFQNL_MSG_CONFIG message */
// 向netlink socket发送配置信息，该函数是static的，外部函数不可见
static int
__build_send_cfg_msg(struct nfq_handle *h, u_int8_t command,
u_int16_t queuenum, u_int16_t pf)
{
char buf[NFNL_HEADER_LEN
+NFA_LENGTH(sizeof(struct nfqnl_msg_config_cmd))];
struct nfqnl_msg_config_cmd cmd;
struct nlmsghdr *nmh = (struct nlmsghdr *) buf;
nfnl_fill_hdr(h->nfnlssh, nmh, 0, AF_UNSPEC, queuenum,
NFQNL_MSG_CONFIG, NLM_F_REQUEST|NLM_F_ACK);
cmd.command = command;
cmd.pf = htons(pf);
nfnl_addattr_l(nmh, sizeof(buf), NFQA_CFG_CMD, &cmd, sizeof(cmd));
return nfnl_talk(h->nfnlh, nmh, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL);
}
// 接收netlink数据包，该函数是也static的，外部函数不可见
static int __nfq_rcv_pkt(struct nlmsghdr *nlh, struct nfattr *nfa[],
void *data)
{
struct nfgenmsg *nfmsg = NLMSG_DATA(nlh);
struct nfq_handle *h = data;
u_int16_t queue_num = ntohs(nfmsg->res_id);
// 根据ID找到nfq_q_handle
struct nfq_q_handle *qh = find_qh(h, queue_num);
struct nfq_data nfqa;
if (!qh)
return -ENODEV;
if (!qh->cb)
return -ENODEV;
nfqa.data = nfa;
// 调用nfq_q_handle的回调函数
return qh->cb(qh, nfmsg, &nfqa, qh->data);
}
// 固定的回调结构
static struct nfnl_callback pkt_cb = {
.call = &__nfq_rcv_pkt,
.attr_count = NFQA_MAX,
};
/* public interface */
// 返回nfq_handle的netlink handle
struct nfnl_handle *nfq_nfnlh(struct nfq_handle *h)
{
return h->nfnlh;
}
// 返回nfq_handle的netlink handle的netlink套接字
int nfq_fd(struct nfq_handle *h)
{
return nfnl_fd(nfq_nfnlh(h));
}
struct nfq_handle *nfq_open(void)
{
// 先打开netlink handle
struct nfnl_handle *nfnlh = nfnl_open();
struct nfq_handle *qh;
if (!nfnlh)
return NULL;
// 再调用nfq_open_nfnl()打开nf queue handle
qh = nfq_open_nfnl(nfnlh);
if (!qh)
nfnl_close(nfnlh);
return qh;
}
// 已存在netlink handle时打开nfq_handle
struct nfq_handle *nfq_open_nfnl(struct nfnl_handle *nfnlh)
{
struct nfq_handle *h;
int err;
// 分配内存
h = malloc(sizeof(*h));
if (!h)
return NULL;
memset(h, 0, sizeof(*h));
// 把nfq_handle和netlink handle连接起来
h->nfnlh = nfnlh;
// 打开NFNL_SUBSYS_QUEUE类型的子系统
h->nfnlssh = nfnl_subsys_open(h->nfnlh, NFNL_SUBSYS_QUEUE,
NFQNL_MSG_MAX, 0);
if (!h->nfnlssh) {
/* FIXME: nfq_errno */
goto out_free;
}
// 登记回调处理函数
pkt_cb.data = h;
err = nfnl_callback_register(h->nfnlssh, NFQNL_MSG_PACKET, &pkt_cb);
if (err < 0) {
nfq_errno = err;
goto out_close;
}
return h;
out_close:
nfnl_subsys_close(h->nfnlssh);
out_free:
free(h);
return NULL;
}
int nfq_close(struct nfq_handle *h)
{
int ret;
// 关闭子系统
nfnl_subsys_close(h->nfnlssh);
// 关闭netlink handle
ret = nfnl_close(h->nfnlh);
if (ret == 0)
free(h);
return ret;
}
/* bind nf_queue from a specific protocol family */
// 以下函数均是调用__build_send_cfg_msg()函数向内核发送消息命令
int nfq_bind_pf(struct nfq_handle *h, u_int16_t pf)
{
return __build_send_cfg_msg(h, NFQNL_CFG_CMD_PF_BIND, 0, pf);
}
/* unbind nf_queue from a specific protocol family */
int nfq_unbind_pf(struct nfq_handle *h, u_int16_t pf)
{
return __build_send_cfg_msg(h, NFQNL_CFG_CMD_PF_UNBIND, 0, pf);
}
/* bind this socket to a specific queue number */
// 生成一个号码为num的队列
struct nfq_q_handle *nfq_create_queue(struct nfq_handle *h,
u_int16_t num,
nfq_callback *cb,
void *data)
{
int ret;
struct nfq_q_handle *qh;
if (find_qh(h, num))
return NULL;
// 分配queue节点空间, 设置相应参数
qh = malloc(sizeof(*qh));
memset(qh, 0, sizeof(*qh));
qh->h = h;
qh->id = num;
qh->cb = cb;
qh->data = data;
ret = __build_send_cfg_msg(h, NFQNL_CFG_CMD_BIND, num, 0);
if (ret < 0) {
nfq_errno = ret;
free(qh);
return NULL;
}
// 添加到队列中
add_qh(qh);
return qh;
}
/* unbind this socket from a specific queue number */
// 释放队列
int nfq_destroy_queue(struct nfq_q_handle *qh)
{
int ret = __build_send_cfg_msg(qh->h, NFQNL_CFG_CMD_UNBIND, qh->id, 0);
if (ret == 0) {
del_qh(qh);
free(qh);
}
return ret;
}
int nfq_handle_packet(struct nfq_handle *h, char *buf, int len)
{
// 实际就是netlink处理包
return nfnl_handle_packet(h->nfnlh, buf, len);
}
int nfq_set_mode(struct nfq_q_handle *qh,
u_int8_t mode, u_int32_t range)
{
char buf[NFNL_HEADER_LEN
+NFA_LENGTH(sizeof(struct nfqnl_msg_config_params))];
struct nfqnl_msg_config_params params;
struct nlmsghdr *nmh = (struct nlmsghdr *) buf;
nfnl_fill_hdr(qh->h->nfnlssh, nmh, 0, AF_UNSPEC, qh->id,
NFQNL_MSG_CONFIG, NLM_F_REQUEST|NLM_F_ACK);
params.copy_range = htonl(range);
params.copy_mode = mode;
nfnl_addattr_l(nmh, sizeof(buf), NFQA_CFG_PARAMS, ¶ms,
sizeof(params));
return nfnl_talk(qh->h->nfnlh, nmh, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL);
}
static int __set_verdict(struct nfq_q_handle *qh, u_int32_t id,
u_int32_t verdict, u_int32_t mark, int set_mark,
u_int32_t data_len, unsigned char *data)
{
struct nfqnl_msg_verdict_hdr vh;
char buf[NFNL_HEADER_LEN
+NFA_LENGTH(sizeof(mark))
+NFA_LENGTH(sizeof(vh))];
struct nlmsghdr *nmh = (struct nlmsghdr *) buf;
struct iovec iov[3];
int nvecs;
/* This must be declared here (and not inside the data
* handling block) because the iovec points to this. */
struct nfattr data_attr;
memset(iov, 0, sizeof(iov));
// 设置裁定结果头
vh.verdict = htonl(verdict);
vh.id = htonl(id);
nfnl_fill_hdr(qh->h->nfnlssh, nmh, 0, AF_UNSPEC, qh->id,
NFQNL_MSG_VERDICT, NLM_F_REQUEST);
/* add verdict header */
nfnl_addattr_l(nmh, sizeof(buf), NFQA_VERDICT_HDR, &vh, sizeof(vh));
// 设置数据包的mark值
if (set_mark)
nfnl_addattr32(nmh, sizeof(buf), NFQA_MARK, mark);
iov[0].iov_base = nmh;
iov[0].iov_len = NLMSG_TAIL(nmh) - (void *)nmh;
nvecs = 1;
if (data_len) {
// 如果数据进行修改要传回内核,相应将数据添加到要发送到内核的数据向量中
nfnl_build_nfa_iovec(&iov[1], &data_attr, NFQA_PAYLOAD,
data_len, data);
nvecs += 2;
/* Add the length of the appended data to the message
* header. The size of the attribute is given in the
* nfa_len field and is set in the nfnl_build_nfa_iovec()
* function. */
nmh->nlmsg_len += data_attr.nfa_len;
}
// 向内核发送数据向量
return nfnl_sendiov(qh->h->nfnlh, iov, nvecs, 0);
}
int nfq_set_verdict(struct nfq_q_handle *qh, u_int32_t id,
u_int32_t verdict, u_int32_t data_len,
unsigned char *buf)
{
return __set_verdict(qh, id, verdict, 0, 0, data_len, buf);
}
int nfq_set_verdict_mark(struct nfq_q_handle *qh, u_int32_t id,
u_int32_t verdict, u_int32_t mark,
u_int32_t datalen, unsigned char *buf)
{
return __set_verdict(qh, id, verdict, mark, 1, datalen, buf);
}
/*************************************************************
* Message parsing functions
*************************************************************/
// 以下函数均是调用nfnl_get_pointer_to_data()和nfnl_get_data()函数获取
// 指定数据
struct nfqnl_msg_packet_hdr *nfq_get_msg_packet_hdr(struct nfq_data *nfad)
{
return nfnl_get_pointer_to_data(nfad->data, NFQA_PACKET_HDR,
struct nfqnl_msg_packet_hdr);
}
uint32_t nfq_get_nfmark(struct nfq_data *nfad)
{
return ntohl(nfnl_get_data(nfad->data, NFQA_MARK, u_int32_t));
}
int nfq_get_timestamp(struct nfq_data *nfad, struct timeval *tv)
{
struct nfqnl_msg_packet_timestamp *qpt;
qpt = nfnl_get_pointer_to_data(nfad->data, NFQA_TIMESTAMP,
struct nfqnl_msg_packet_timestamp);
if (!qpt)
return -1;
tv->tv_sec = __be64_to_cpu(qpt->sec);
tv->tv_usec = __be64_to_cpu(qpt->usec);
return 0;
}
/* all nfq_get_*dev() functions return 0 if not set, since linux only allows
* ifindex >= 1, see net/core/dev.c:2600 (in 2.6.13.1) */
u_int32_t nfq_get_indev(struct nfq_data *nfad)
{
return ntohl(nfnl_get_data(nfad->data, NFQA_IFINDEX_INDEV, u_int32_t));
}
u_int32_t nfq_get_physindev(struct nfq_data *nfad)
{
return ntohl(nfnl_get_data(nfad->data, NFQA_IFINDEX_PHYSINDEV, u_int32_t));
}
u_int32_t nfq_get_outdev(struct nfq_data *nfad)
{
return ntohl(nfnl_get_data(nfad->data, NFQA_IFINDEX_OUTDEV, u_int32_t));
}
u_int32_t nfq_get_physoutdev(struct nfq_data *nfad)
{
return ntohl(nfnl_get_data(nfad->data, NFQA_IFINDEX_PHYSOUTDEV, u_int32_t));
}
struct nfqnl_msg_packet_hw *nfq_get_packet_hw(struct nfq_data *nfad)
{
return nfnl_get_pointer_to_data(nfad->data, NFQA_HWADDR,
struct nfqnl_msg_packet_hw);
}
int nfq_get_payload(struct nfq_data *nfad, char **data)
{
*data = nfnl_get_pointer_to_data(nfad->data, NFQA_PAYLOAD, char);
if (*data)
return NFA_PAYLOAD(nfad->data[NFQA_PAYLOAD-1]);
return -1;
}
2.4 程序实例
/* nfqnl_test.c */
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include /* for NF_ACCEPT */
#include
/* returns packet id */
// 对数据包的处理函数, 本示例仅用于打印数据包的信息
static u_int32_t print_pkt (struct nfq_data *tb)
{
int id = 0;
struct nfqnl_msg_packet_hdr *ph;
u_int32_t mark,ifi;
int ret;
char *data;
// 提取数据包头信息,包括id,协议和hook点信息
ph = nfq_get_msg_packet_hdr(tb);
if (ph){
id = ntohl(ph->packet_id);
printf("hw_protocol=0x%04x hook=%u id=%u ",
ntohs(ph->hw_protocol), ph->hook, id);
}
// 获取数据包的mark值, 也就是内核skb的nfmark值
mark = nfq_get_nfmark(tb);
if (mark)
printf("mark=%u ", mark);
// 获取数据包的进入网卡的索引号
ifi = nfq_get_indev(tb);
if (ifi)
printf("indev=%u ", ifi);
// 获取数据包的发出网卡的索引号
ifi = nfq_get_outdev(tb);
if (ifi)
printf("outdev=%u ", ifi);
// 获取数据包载荷,data指针指向载荷,从实际的IP头开始
ret = nfq_get_payload(tb, &data);
if (ret >= 0)
printf("payload_len=%d ", ret);
fputc('\n', stdout);
return id;
}
// 回调函数定义, 基本结构是先处理包,然后返回裁定
static int cb(struct nfq_q_handle *qh, struct nfgenmsg *nfmsg,
struct nfq_data *nfa, void *data)
{
// 数据包处理
u_int32_t id = print_pkt(nfa);
printf("entering callback\n");
// 设置裁定
return nfq_set_verdict(qh, id, NF_ACCEPT, 0, NULL);
}
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
struct nfq_handle *h;
struct nfq_q_handle *qh;
struct nfnl_handle *nh;
int fd;
int rv;
char buf[4096];
printf("opening library handle\n");
// 打开nfq_handle
h = nfq_open();
if (!h) {
fprintf(stderr, "error during nfq_open()\n");
exit(1);
}
printf("unbinding existing nf_queue handler for AF_INET (if any)\n");
// 先解开和AF_INET的绑定
if (nfq_unbind_pf(h, AF_INET) < 0) {
fprintf(stderr, "error during nfq_unbind_pf()\n");
exit(1);
}
printf("binding nfnetlink_queue as nf_queue handler for AF_INET\n");
// 绑定到AF_INET
if (nfq_bind_pf(h, AF_INET) < 0) {
fprintf(stderr, "error during nfq_bind_pf()\n");
exit(1);
}
printf("binding this socket to queue '0'\n");
// 建立nfq_q_handle, 号码是0, 回调函数是cb
// 可建立多个queue,用不同的号码区分即可
qh = nfq_create_queue(h, 0, &cb, NULL);
if (!qh) {
fprintf(stderr, "error during nfq_create_queue()\n");
exit(1);
}
printf("setting copy_packet mode\n");
// 设置数据拷贝模式, 全包拷贝
if (nfq_set_mode(qh, NFQNL_COPY_PACKET, 0xffff) < 0) {
fprintf(stderr, "can't set packet_copy mode\n");
exit(1);
}
nh = nfq_nfnlh(h);
fd = nfnl_fd(nh);
// 从netlink套接字接收数据
while ((rv = recv(fd, buf, sizeof(buf), 0)) && rv >= 0) {
printf("pkt received\n");
// 处理数据,最终会调用到相应的回调函数
nfq_handle_packet(h, buf, rv);
}
printf("unbinding from queue 0\n");
// 释放队列
nfq_destroy_queue(qh);
#ifdef INSANE
/* normally, applications SHOULD NOT issue this command, since
* it detaches other programs/sockets from AF_INET, too ! */
printf("unbinding from AF_INET\n");
nfq_unbind_pf(h, AF_INET);
#endif
printf("closing library handle\n");
// 关闭nfq_handle
nfq_close(h);
exit(0);
}
2.5 包装libipq
可用netlink_queue包装libipq，ipq就相当于是号码为0的一个nfqueue而已：
/* libipq_compat.c */
struct ipq_handle *ipq_create_handle(u_int32_t flags, u_int32_t protocol)
{
int status;
struct ipq_handle *h;
h = (struct ipq_handle *)malloc(sizeof(struct ipq_handle));
if (h == NULL) {
ipq_errno = IPQ_ERR_HANDLE;
return NULL;
}
memset(h, 0, sizeof(struct ipq_handle));
// 打开ipq的nfqueue handle
h->nfqnlh = nfq_open();
if (!h->nfqnlh) {
ipq_errno = IPQ_ERR_SOCKET;
goto err_free;
}
// 绑定到PF_INET或PF_INET6
if (protocol == PF_INET)
status = nfq_bind_pf(h->nfqnlh, PF_INET);
else if (protocol == PF_INET6)
status = nfq_bind_pf(h->nfqnlh, PF_INET6);
else {
ipq_errno = IPQ_ERR_PROTOCOL;
goto err_close;
}
h->family = protocol;
if (status < 0) {
ipq_errno = IPQ_ERR_BIND;
goto err_close;
}
// 按号码0建立queue，无回调函数，数据包由ipq直接读后处理
h->qh = nfq_create_queue(h->nfqnlh, 0, NULL, NULL);
if (!h->qh) {
ipq_errno = IPQ_ERR_BIND;
goto err_close;
}
return h;
err_close:
nfq_close(h->nfqnlh);
err_free:
free(h);
return NULL;
}
/*
* No error condition is checked here at this stage, but it may happen
* if/when reliable messaging is implemented.
*/
int ipq_destroy_handle(struct ipq_handle *h)
{
if (h) {
nfq_close(h->nfqnlh);
free(h);
}
return 0;
}
int ipq_set_mode(const struct ipq_handle *h,
u_int8_t mode, size_t range)
{
return nfq_set_mode(h->qh, mode, range);
}
/*
* timeout is in microseconds (1 second is 1000000 (1 million) microseconds)
*
*/
// ipq_read包装得有点疑问，实际没进行接收操作，需要显式的recv接收数据包
// 现在的ipq_read只是对接收的数据进行解析
ssize_t ipq_read(const struct ipq_handle *h,
unsigned char *buf, size_t len, int timeout)
{
struct nfattr *tb[NFQA_MAX];
struct nlmsghdr *nlh = (struct nlmsghdr *)buf;
struct nfgenmsg *msg = NULL;
struct nfattr *nfa;
//return ipq_netlink_recvfrom(h, buf, len, timeout);
/* This really sucks. We have to copy the whole packet
* in order to build a data structure that is compatible to
* the old ipq interface... */
nfa = nfnl_parse_hdr(nfq_nfnlh(h->nfqnlh), nlh, &msg);
if (!msg || !nfa)
return 0;
if (msg->nfgen_family != h->family)
return 0;
nfnl_parse_attr(tb, NFQA_MAX, nfa, 0xffff);
return 0;
}
int ipq_message_type(const unsigned char *buf)
{
return ((struct nlmsghdr*)buf)->nlmsg_type;
}
int ipq_get_msgerr(const unsigned char *buf)
{
struct nlmsghdr *h = (struct nlmsghdr *)buf;
struct nlmsgerr *err = (struct nlmsgerr*)NLMSG_DATA(h);
return -err->error;
}
ipq_packet_msg_t *ipq_get_packet(const unsigned char *buf)
{
return NLMSG_DATA((struct nlmsghdr *)(buf));
}
int ipq_set_verdict(const struct ipq_handle *h,
ipq_id_t id,
unsigned int verdict,
size_t data_len,
unsigned char *buf)
{
return nfq_set_verdict(h->qh, id, verdict, data_len, buf);
}
/* Not implemented yet */
int ipq_ctl(const struct ipq_handle *h, int request, ...)
{
return 1;
}
char *ipq_errstr(void)
{
return ipq_strerror(ipq_errno);
}
void ipq_perror(const char *s)
{
if (s)
fputs(s, stderr);
else
fputs("ERROR", stderr);
if (ipq_errno)
fprintf(stderr, ": %s", ipq_errstr());
if (errno)
fprintf(stderr, ": %s", strerror(errno));
fputc('\n', stderr);
}
3. 内核空间
内核版本2.6.17.11。
内核空间的代码程序包括net/netfilter/nfnetlink_queue.c和xt_NFQUEUE.c，前者是具体实现，后者
是iptables的一个目标，用来指定数据属于哪个队列。
3.1 数据结构
/* include/linux/netfilter/nfnetlink_queue.h */
// nfqueue netlink消息类型
enum nfqnl_msg_types {
NFQNL_MSG_PACKET, /* packet from kernel to userspace */
NFQNL_MSG_VERDICT, /* verdict from userspace to kernel */
NFQNL_MSG_CONFIG, /* connect to a particular queue */
NFQNL_MSG_MAX
};
// nfqueue netlink消息数据包头
struct nfqnl_msg_packet_hdr {
u_int32_t packet_id; /* unique ID of packet in queue */
u_int16_t hw_protocol; /* hw protocol (network order) */
u_int8_t hook; /* netfilter hook */
} __attribute__ ((packed));
// nfqueue netlink消息数据包头硬件部分,MAC地址
struct nfqnl_msg_packet_hw {
u_int16_t hw_addrlen;
u_int16_t _pad;
u_int8_t hw_addr[8];
} __attribute__ ((packed));
// nfqueue netlink消息数据包64位时间戳
struct nfqnl_msg_packet_timestamp {
aligned_u64 sec;
aligned_u64 usec;
} __attribute__ ((packed));
// nfqueue netlink属性
enum nfqnl_attr_type {类型
NFQA_UNSPEC,
NFQA_PACKET_HDR,
NFQA_VERDICT_HDR, /* nfqnl_msg_verdict_hrd */
NFQA_MARK, /* u_int32_t nfmark */
NFQA_TIMESTAMP, /* nfqnl_msg_packet_timestamp */
NFQA_IFINDEX_INDEV, /* u_int32_t ifindex */
NFQA_IFINDEX_OUTDEV, /* u_int32_t ifindex */
NFQA_IFINDEX_PHYSINDEV, /* u_int32_t ifindex */
NFQA_IFINDEX_PHYSOUTDEV, /* u_int32_t ifindex */
NFQA_HWADDR, /* nfqnl_msg_packet_hw */
NFQA_PAYLOAD, /* opaque data payload */
__NFQA_MAX
};
#define NFQA_MAX (__NFQA_MAX - 1)
// nfqueue netlink消息数据判定头
struct nfqnl_msg_verdict_hdr {
u_int32_t verdict;
u_int32_t id;
} __attribute__ ((packed));
// nfqueue netlink消息配置命令类型
enum nfqnl_msg_config_cmds {
NFQNL_CFG_CMD_NONE,
NFQNL_CFG_CMD_BIND,
NFQNL_CFG_CMD_UNBIND,
NFQNL_CFG_CMD_PF_BIND,
NFQNL_CFG_CMD_PF_UNBIND,
};
// nfqueue netlink消息配置命令结构
struct nfqnl_msg_config_cmd {
u_int8_t command; /* nfqnl_msg_config_cmds */
u_int8_t _pad;
u_int16_t pf; /* AF_xxx for PF_[UN]BIND */
} __attribute__ ((packed));
// nfqueue netlink消息配置模式
enum nfqnl_config_mode {
NFQNL_COPY_NONE, // 不拷贝
NFQNL_COPY_META, // 只拷贝基本信息
NFQNL_COPY_PACKET, // 拷贝整个数据包
};
// nfqueue netlink消息配置参数结构
struct nfqnl_msg_config_params {
u_int32_t copy_range;
u_int8_t copy_mode; /* enum nfqnl_config_mode */
} __attribute__ ((packed));
// nfqueue netlink消息配置模式
enum nfqnl_attr_config {
NFQA_CFG_UNSPEC,
NFQA_CFG_CMD, /* nfqnl_msg_config_cmd */
NFQA_CFG_PARAMS, /* nfqnl_msg_config_params */
__NFQA_CFG_MAX
};
#define NFQA_CFG_MAX (__NFQA_CFG_MAX-1)
/* include/linux/netfilter.c */
struct nf_info
{
/* The ops struct which sent us to userspace. */
struct nf_hook_ops *elem;
/* If we're sent to userspace, this keeps housekeeping info */
int pf;
unsigned int hook;
struct net_device *indev, *outdev;
int (*okfn)(struct sk_buff *);
};
/* net/netfilter/nfnetlink_queue.c */
// 队列项结构
struct nfqnl_queue_entry {
struct list_head list;
struct nf_info *info;
struct sk_buff *skb;
unsigned int id;
};
// 队列实例结构
struct nfqnl_instance {
// HASH链表节点
struct hlist_node hlist; /* global list of queues */
atomic_t use;
// 应用程序的pid
int peer_pid;
// 队列最大长度
unsigned int queue_maxlen;
// 数据拷贝范围
unsigned int copy_range;
// 当前队列元素数
unsigned int queue_total;
// 队列丢包数
unsigned int queue_dropped;
// 用户程序判定丢包
unsigned int queue_user_dropped;
// ID序
atomic_t id_sequence; /* 'sequence' of pkt ids */
// 队列号
u_int16_t queue_num; /* number of this queue */
// 拷贝模式
u_int8_t copy_mode;
spinlock_t lock;
// queue entry队列
struct list_head queue_list; /* packets in queue */
};
3.2 内核程序流程
3.2.1 系统初始化
/* net/netfilter/nfnetlink_queue.c */
static int __init nfnetlink_queue_init(void)
{
int i, status = -ENOMEM;
#ifdef CONFIG_PROC_FS
struct proc_dir_entry *proc_nfqueue;
#endif
// 16个HASH链表
for (i = 0; i < INSTANCE_BUCKETS; i++)
INIT_HLIST_HEAD(&instance_table[i]);
// 登记netlink通知
netlink_register_notifier(&nfqnl_rtnl_notifier);
// 登记nfnetlink子系统
status = nfnetlink_subsys_register(&nfqnl_subsys);
if (status < 0) {
printk(KERN_ERR "nf_queue: failed to create netlink socket\n");
goto cleanup_netlink_notifier;
}
#ifdef CONFIG_PROC_FS
// 建立/proc/net/netfilter/nfnetlink_queue文件
proc_nfqueue = create_proc_entry("nfnetlink_queue", 0440,
proc_net_netfilter);
if (!proc_nfqueue)
goto cleanup_subsys;
proc_nfqueue->proc_fops = &nfqnl_file_ops;
#endif
// 登记nfqueue netlink设备通知
register_netdevice_notifier(&nfqnl_dev_notifier);
return status;
#ifdef CONFIG_PROC_FS
cleanup_subsys:
nfnetlink_subsys_unregister(&nfqnl_subsys);
#endif
cleanup_netlink_notifier:
netlink_unregister_notifier(&nfqnl_rtnl_notifier);
return status;
}
3.2.2
// netlink通知,只是定义一个通知回调函数, 在接收到netlink套接字信息时调用
static struct notifier_block nfqnl_rtnl_notifier = {
.notifier_call = nfqnl_rcv_nl_event,
};
static int
nfqnl_rcv_nl_event(struct notifier_block *this,
unsigned long event, void *ptr)
{
struct netlink_notify *n = ptr;
// 就只处理释放事件
if (event == NETLINK_URELEASE &&
n->protocol == NETLINK_NETFILTER && n->pid) {
int i;
/* destroy all instances for this pid */
write_lock_bh(&instances_lock);
for (i = 0; i < INSTANCE_BUCKETS; i++) {
struct hlist_node *tmp, *t2;
struct nfqnl_instance *inst;
struct hlist_head *head = &instance_table[i];
// 释放指定pid的所有子队列信息
hlist_for_each_entry_safe(inst, tmp, t2, head, hlist) {
if (n->pid == inst->peer_pid)
__instance_destroy(inst);
}
}
write_unlock_bh(&instances_lock);
}
return NOTIFY_DONE;
}
以下两个函数实现释放操作,实际是调用同一个函数,一个需要加锁,一个不需要
static inline void
instance_destroy(struct nfqnl_instance *inst)
{
_instance_destroy2(inst, 1);
}
static inline void
__instance_destroy(struct nfqnl_instance *inst)
{
_instance_destroy2(inst, 0);
}
static void
_instance_destroy2(struct nfqnl_instance *inst, int lock)
{
/* first pull it out of the global list */
if (lock)
write_lock_bh(&instances_lock);
QDEBUG("removing instance %p (queuenum=%u) from hash\n",
inst, inst->queue_num);
// 将队列实例先从链表中移出
hlist_del(&inst->hlist);
if (lock)
write_unlock_bh(&instances_lock);
/* then flush all pending skbs from the queue */
// 将当前队列中所有包的判定都设置DROP
nfqnl_flush(inst, NF_DROP);
/* and finally put the refcount */
// 释放队列实例本身
instance_put(inst);
// 释放模块引用
module_put(THIS_MODULE);
}
3.2.3 子系统
// 子系统定义
static struct nfnetlink_subsystem nfqnl_subsys = {
.name = "nf_queue",
.subsys_id = NFNL_SUBSYS_QUEUE, // NFQUEUE的ID号为3
.cb_count = NFQNL_MSG_MAX, // 3个控制块
.cb = nfqnl_cb,
};
// 子系统回调控制
static struct nfnl_callback nfqnl_cb[NFQNL_MSG_MAX] = {
// 接收数据包,实际没进行定义
[NFQNL_MSG_PACKET] = { .call = nfqnl_recv_unsupp,
.attr_count = NFQA_MAX, },
// 接收判定
[NFQNL_MSG_VERDICT] = { .call = nfqnl_recv_verdict,
.attr_count = NFQA_MAX, },
// 接收配置
[NFQNL_MSG_CONFIG] = { .call = nfqnl_recv_config,
.attr_count = NFQA_CFG_MAX, },
};
3.2.3.1
// 实际没定义
static int
nfqnl_recv_unsupp(struct sock *ctnl, struct sk_buff *skb,
struct nlmsghdr *nlh, struct nfattr *nfqa[], int *errp)
{
return -ENOTSUPP;
}
3.2.3.2 接收判
该函数接收netlink套接字返回的数据包的判定结果,根据结果对包进行相关处理
static int
nfqnl_recv_verdict(struct sock *ctnl, struct sk_buff *skb,
struct nlmsghdr *nlh, struct nfattr *nfqa[], int *errp)
{
struct nfgenmsg *nfmsg = NLMSG_DATA(nlh);
u_int16_t queue_num = ntohs(nfmsg->res_id);
struct nfqnl_msg_verdict_hdr *vhdr;
struct nfqnl_instance *queue;
unsigned int verdict;
struct nfqnl_queue_entry *entry;
int err;
// 判定数据包大小是否有问题
if (nfattr_bad_size(nfqa, NFQA_MAX, nfqa_verdict_min)) {
QDEBUG("bad attribute size\n");
return -EINVAL;
}
// 根据队列号找到队列的实例,并增加计数
queue = instance_lookup_get(queue_num);
if (!queue)
return -ENODEV;
// 检查该队列对应的pid是否和netlink数据包中的pid匹配
if (queue->peer_pid != NETLINK_CB(skb).pid) {
err = -EPERM;
goto err_out_put;
}
// 检查是否返回了判定结果
if (!nfqa[NFQA_VERDICT_HDR-1]) {
err = -EINVAL;
goto err_out_put;
}
// 获取判定结果
vhdr = NFA_DATA(nfqa[NFQA_VERDICT_HDR-1]);
verdict = ntohl(vhdr->verdict);
// 低16位为判定结果, 不能超过NF_MAX_VERDICT(5)
if ((verdict & NF_VERDICT_MASK) > NF_MAX_VERDICT) {
err = -EINVAL;
goto err_out_put;
}
// 根据返回包的ID号在队列中找缓存具体的数据包
entry = find_dequeue_entry(queue, id_cmp, ntohl(vhdr->id));
if (entry == NULL) {
err = -ENOENT;
goto err_out_put;
}
if (nfqa[NFQA_PAYLOAD-1]) {
// 返回了负载内容,说明要进行数据包的修改,如果不修改是不用返回载荷内容的
if (nfqnl_mangle(NFA_DATA(nfqa[NFQA_PAYLOAD-1]),
NFA_PAYLOAD(nfqa[NFQA_PAYLOAD-1]), entry) < 0)
// 修改出错,丢弃数据包
verdict = NF_DROP;
}
// 是否修改数据包的mark值
if (nfqa[NFQA_MARK-1])
entry->skb->nfmark = ntohl(*(u_int32_t *)
NFA_DATA(nfqa[NFQA_MARK-1]));
// 和ip_queue一样,调用nf_reinject()重新将数据包发回netfilter进行处理
// 然后将该entry的内存释放掉
issue_verdict(entry, verdict);
// 减少队列引用计数
instance_put(queue);
return 0;
err_out_put:
instance_put(queue);
return err;
}
3.2.3.3 接收配置
static int
nfqnl_recv_config(struct sock *ctnl, struct sk_buff *skb,
struct nlmsghdr *nlh, struct nfattr *nfqa[], int *errp)
{
struct nfgenmsg *nfmsg = NLMSG_DATA(nlh);
u_int16_t queue_num = ntohs(nfmsg->res_id);
struct nfqnl_instance *queue;
int ret = 0;
QDEBUG("entering for msg %u\n", NFNL_MSG_TYPE(nlh->nlmsg_type));
// 数据大小检查
if (nfattr_bad_size(nfqa, NFQA_CFG_MAX, nfqa_cfg_min)) {
QDEBUG("bad attribute size\n");
return -EINVAL;
}
//
// 根据队列号找到队列的实例,并增加计数
queue = instance_lookup_get(queue_num);
if (nfqa[NFQA_CFG_CMD-1]) {
// 配置命令,由于可能是进行新建queue操作,所以此时的queue值可能为空
//
struct nfqnl_msg_config_cmd *cmd;
cmd = NFA_DATA(nfqa[NFQA_CFG_CMD-1]);
QDEBUG("found CFG_CMD\n");
switch (cmd->command) {
case NFQNL_CFG_CMD_BIND:
if (queue)
return -EBUSY;
// 绑定命令,就是新建一个queue和对应的pid绑定
queue = instance_create(queue_num, NETLINK_CB(skb).pid);
if (!queue)
return -EINVAL;
break;
case NFQNL_CFG_CMD_UNBIND:
// 取消绑定
if (!queue)
return -ENODEV;
// 检查pid是否匹配
if (queue->peer_pid != NETLINK_CB(skb).pid) {
ret = -EPERM;
goto out_put;
}
// 是否队列实例
instance_destroy(queue);
break;
case NFQNL_CFG_CMD_PF_BIND:
// 绑定协议族, 将nfqueue handler绑定到指定的协议
QDEBUG("registering queue handler for pf=%u\n",
ntohs(cmd->pf));
ret = nf_register_queue_handler(ntohs(cmd->pf), &nfqh);
break;
case NFQNL_CFG_CMD_PF_UNBIND:
// 取消协议族的绑定
QDEBUG("unregistering queue handler for pf=%u\n",
ntohs(cmd->pf));
/* This is a bug and a feature. We can unregister
* other handlers(!) */
ret = nf_unregister_queue_handler(ntohs(cmd->pf));
break;
default:
ret = -EINVAL;
break;
}
} else {
// 如果不是配置命令,检查queue是否存在,pid是否匹配
if (!queue) {
QDEBUG("no config command, and no instance ENOENT\n");
ret = -ENOENT;
goto out_put;
}
if (queue->peer_pid != NETLINK_CB(skb).pid) {
QDEBUG("no config command, and wrong pid\n");
ret = -EPERM;
goto out_put;
}
}
if (nfqa[NFQA_CFG_PARAMS-1]) {
// 配置参数
struct nfqnl_msg_config_params *params;
if (!queue) {
ret = -ENOENT;
goto out_put;
}
params = NFA_DATA(nfqa[NFQA_CFG_PARAMS-1]);
// 设置数据拷贝模式
nfqnl_set_mode(queue, params->copy_mode,
ntohl(params->copy_range));
}
out_put:
// 减少引用计数
// 除了初始化函数和释放函数外,所有其他处理函数的计数增加和减少操作都是成对出现的
instance_put(queue);
return ret;
}
其中队列实例建立函数如下:
static struct nfqnl_instance *
instance_create(u_int16_t queue_num, int pid)
{
struct nfqnl_instance *inst;
QDEBUG("entering for queue_num=%u, pid=%d\n", queue_num, pid);
write_lock_bh(&instances_lock);
//
// 根据队列号找到队列的实例,这里是不增加计数的
if (__instance_lookup(queue_num)) {
// 理论上是不可能进入这里的
inst = NULL;
QDEBUG("aborting, instance already exists\n");
goto out_unlock;
}
// 分配queue实例空间, 初始化参数
inst = kzalloc(sizeof(*inst), GFP_ATOMIC);
if (!inst)
goto out_unlock;
inst->queue_num = queue_num;
inst->peer_pid = pid;
inst->queue_maxlen = NFQNL_QMAX_DEFAULT;
inst->copy_range = 0xfffff;
inst->copy_mode = NFQNL_COPY_NONE;
atomic_set(&inst->id_sequence, 0);
/* needs to be two, since we _put() after creation */
// 初始引用计数为2,因为nfqnl_recv_config()会释放掉一次
atomic_set(&inst->use, 2);
spin_lock_init(&inst->lock);
INIT_LIST_HEAD(&inst->queue_list);
if (!try_module_get(THIS_MODULE))
goto out_free;
// 将该队列实例添加到总的队列HASH链表中
hlist_add_head(&inst->hlist,
&instance_table[instance_hashfn(queue_num)]);
write_unlock_bh(&instances_lock);
QDEBUG("successfully created new instance\n");
return inst;
out_free:
kfree(inst);
out_unlock:
write_unlock_bh(&instances_lock);
return NULL;
}
其中nf_queue_handler定义如下, 主要是定义数据进入协议队列函数,这个就是数据包进入nf_queue的
进入点:
static struct nf_queue_handler nfqh = {
.name = "nf_queue",
.outfn = &nfqnl_enqueue_packet,
};
static int
nfqnl_enqueue_packet(struct sk_buff *skb, struct nf_info *info,
unsigned int queuenum, void *data)
{
int status = -EINVAL;
struct sk_buff *nskb;
struct nfqnl_instance *queue;
struct nfqnl_queue_entry *entry;
QDEBUG("entered\n");
//
// 根据队列号找到队列的实例,并增加计数
queue = instance_lookup_get(queuenum);
if (!queue) {
QDEBUG("no queue instance matching\n");
return -EINVAL;
}
// 如果该子队列拷贝模式是NFQNL_COPY_NONE,出错返回
if (queue->copy_mode == NFQNL_COPY_NONE) {
QDEBUG("mode COPY_NONE, aborting\n");
status = -EAGAIN;
goto err_out_put;
}
// 分配一个队列项entry
entry = kmalloc(sizeof(*entry), GFP_ATOMIC);
if (entry == NULL) {
if (net_ratelimit())
printk(KERN_ERR
"nf_queue: OOM in nfqnl_enqueue_packet()\n");
status = -ENOMEM;
goto err_out_put;
}
entry->info = info;
entry->skb = skb;
// 数据包的ID是顺序增加的
entry->id = atomic_inc_return(&queue->id_sequence);
// 构建一个netlink协议的skb包
nskb = nfqnl_build_packet_message(queue, entry, &status);
if (nskb == NULL)
goto err_out_free;
spin_lock_bh(&queue->lock);
// pid是否存在,pid为0的进程不存在
if (!queue->peer_pid)
goto err_out_free_nskb;
// 队列长度是否过长
if (queue->queue_total >= queue->queue_maxlen) {
queue->queue_dropped++;
status = -ENOSPC;
if (net_ratelimit())
printk(KERN_WARNING "ip_queue: full at %d entries, "
"dropping packets(s). Dropped: %d\n",
queue->queue_total, queue->queue_dropped);
goto err_out_free_nskb;
}
/* nfnetlink_unicast will either free the nskb or add it to a socket */
// 将新构造的netlink数据包发送给上层的netlink套接字
status = nfnetlink_unicast(nskb, queue->peer_pid, MSG_DONTWAIT);
if (status < 0) {
queue->queue_user_dropped++;
goto err_out_unlock;
}
// 将队列项entry放入队列
__enqueue_entry(queue, entry);
spin_unlock_bh(&queue->lock);
// 减少队列计数
instance_put(queue);
return status;
err_out_free_nskb:
kfree_skb(nskb);
err_out_unlock:
spin_unlock_bh(&queue->lock);
err_out_free:
kfree(entry);
err_out_put:
instance_put(queue);
return status;
}
// 构造netlink数据包
static struct sk_buff *
nfqnl_build_packet_message(struct nfqnl_instance *queue,
struct nfqnl_queue_entry *entry, int *errp)
{
unsigned char *old_tail;
size_t size;
size_t data_len = 0;
struct sk_buff *skb;
struct nfqnl_msg_packet_hdr pmsg;
struct nlmsghdr *nlh;
struct nfgenmsg *nfmsg;
// entry info, 可得到inif,outif,hook等
struct nf_info *entinf = entry->info;
// entry skb, 原始skb
struct sk_buff *entskb = entry->skb;
struct net_device *indev;
struct net_device *outdev;
unsigned int tmp_uint;
QDEBUG("entered\n");
/* all macros expand to constant values at compile time */
// 头部固定长度
size = NLMSG_SPACE(sizeof(struct nfgenmsg)) +
+ NFA_SPACE(sizeof(struct nfqnl_msg_packet_hdr))
+ NFA_SPACE(sizeof(u_int32_t)) /* ifindex */
+ NFA_SPACE(sizeof(u_int32_t)) /* ifindex */
#ifdef CONFIG_BRIDGE_NETFILTER
+ NFA_SPACE(sizeof(u_int32_t)) /* ifindex */
+ NFA_SPACE(sizeof(u_int32_t)) /* ifindex */
#endif
+ NFA_SPACE(sizeof(u_int32_t)) /* mark */
+ NFA_SPACE(sizeof(struct nfqnl_msg_packet_hw))
+ NFA_SPACE(sizeof(struct nfqnl_msg_packet_timestamp));
// 数据包出网卡
outdev = entinf->outdev;
spin_lock_bh(&queue->lock);
switch (queue->copy_mode) {
case NFQNL_COPY_META:
case NFQNL_COPY_NONE:
// 这两种拷贝类型数据长度为0
data_len = 0;
break;
case NFQNL_COPY_PACKET:
// 拷贝整个包
if (entskb->ip_summed == CHECKSUM_HW &&
(*errp = skb_checksum_help(entskb,
outdev == NULL))) {
// 校验和检查失败
spin_unlock_bh(&queue->lock);
return NULL;
}
if (queue->copy_range == 0 // 为0表示不限制拷贝范围长度
|| queue->copy_range > entskb->len) // 拷贝限制大于数据包长
// 数据长度为实际数据包长度
data_len = entskb->len;
else
// 数据长度为限制的拷贝长度限制
data_len = queue->copy_range;
// 将data_len对齐后添加包头长度
size += NFA_SPACE(data_len);
break;
default:
*errp = -EINVAL;
spin_unlock_bh(&queue->lock);
return NULL;
}
spin_unlock_bh(&queue->lock);
// 分配skb
skb = alloc_skb(size, GFP_ATOMIC);
if (!skb)
goto nlmsg_failure;
old_tail= skb->tail;
// netlink信息头放在skb的tailroom中
nlh = NLMSG_PUT(skb, 0, 0,
NFNL_SUBSYS_QUEUE << 8 | NFQNL_MSG_PACKET,
sizeof(struct nfgenmsg));
nfmsg = NLMSG_DATA(nlh);
// 协议族
nfmsg->nfgen_family = entinf->pf;
// 版本
nfmsg->version = NFNETLINK_V0;
// 队列号
nfmsg->res_id = htons(queue->queue_num);
// 包ID号
pmsg.packet_id = htonl(entry->id);
// 硬件协议
pmsg.hw_protocol = htons(entskb->protocol);
// nf的hook点
pmsg.hook = entinf->hook;
NFA_PUT(skb, NFQA_PACKET_HDR, sizeof(pmsg), &pmsg);
// 数据进入网卡
indev = entinf->indev;
if (indev) {
tmp_uint = htonl(indev->ifindex);
#ifndef CONFIG_BRIDGE_NETFILTER
NFA_PUT(skb, NFQA_IFINDEX_INDEV, sizeof(tmp_uint), &tmp_uint);
#else
if (entinf->pf == PF_BRIDGE) {
// 如果是桥协议族,填入物理网卡和进入网卡参数
/* Case 1: indev is physical input device, we need to
* look for bridge group (when called from
* netfilter_bridge) */
NFA_PUT(skb, NFQA_IFINDEX_PHYSINDEV, sizeof(tmp_uint),
&tmp_uint);
/* this is the bridge group "brX" */
tmp_uint = htonl(indev->br_port->br->dev->ifindex);
NFA_PUT(skb, NFQA_IFINDEX_INDEV, sizeof(tmp_uint),
&tmp_uint);
} else {
/* Case 2: indev is bridge group, we need to look for
* physical device (when called from ipv4) */
// 填入输入网卡信息
NFA_PUT(skb, NFQA_IFINDEX_INDEV, sizeof(tmp_uint),
&tmp_uint);
if (entskb->nf_bridge
&& entskb->nf_bridge->physindev) {
// 如果存在桥信息和物理进入网卡信息,填入
tmp_uint = htonl(entskb->nf_bridge->physindev->ifindex
);
NFA_PUT(skb, NFQA_IFINDEX_PHYSINDEV,
sizeof(tmp_uint), &tmp_uint);
}
}
#endif
}
// 数据包发出网卡
if (outdev) {
tmp_uint = htonl(outdev->ifindex);
#ifndef CONFIG_BRIDGE_NETFILTER
// 没定义桥模块时直接填入发出网卡信息
NFA_PUT(skb, NFQA_IFINDEX_OUTDEV, sizeof(tmp_uint), &tmp_uint);
#else
if (entinf->pf == PF_BRIDGE) {
// 桥协议组, 分别填入物理发出网卡和发出网卡信息
/* Case 1: outdev is physical output device, we need to
* look for bridge group (when called from
* netfilter_bridge) */
NFA_PUT(skb, NFQA_IFINDEX_PHYSOUTDEV, sizeof(tmp_uint),
&tmp_uint);
/* this is the bridge group "brX" */
tmp_uint = htonl(outdev->br_port->br->dev->ifindex);
NFA_PUT(skb, NFQA_IFINDEX_OUTDEV, sizeof(tmp_uint),
&tmp_uint);
} else {
/* Case 2: outdev is bridge group, we need to look for
* physical output device (when called from ipv4) */
// 填入发出网卡信息
NFA_PUT(skb, NFQA_IFINDEX_OUTDEV, sizeof(tmp_uint),
&tmp_uint);
if (entskb->nf_bridge
&& entskb->nf_bridge->physoutdev) {
// 如果存在桥信息和物理发出网卡信息,填入
tmp_uint = htonl(entskb->nf_bridge->physoutdev-
>ifindex);
NFA_PUT(skb, NFQA_IFINDEX_PHYSOUTDEV,
sizeof(tmp_uint), &tmp_uint);
}
}
#endif
}
if (entskb->nfmark) {
// 如果数据包MARK值不为0, 填入
tmp_uint = htonl(entskb->nfmark);
NFA_PUT(skb, NFQA_MARK, sizeof(u_int32_t), &tmp_uint);
}
if (indev && entskb->dev
&& entskb->dev->hard_header_parse) {
// 填入输入网卡的硬件信息
struct nfqnl_msg_packet_hw phw;
phw.hw_addrlen =
entskb->dev->hard_header_parse(entskb,
phw.hw_addr);
phw.hw_addrlen = htons(phw.hw_addrlen);
NFA_PUT(skb, NFQA_HWADDR, sizeof(phw), &phw);
}
if (entskb->tstamp.off_sec) {
// 时间戳
struct nfqnl_msg_packet_timestamp ts;
ts.sec = cpu_to_be64(entskb->tstamp.off_sec);
ts.usec = cpu_to_be64(entskb->tstamp.off_usec);
NFA_PUT(skb, NFQA_TIMESTAMP, sizeof(ts), &ts);
}
if (data_len) {
// 填入数据包长, 以struct nfattr结构方式
struct nfattr *nfa;
int size = NFA_LENGTH(data_len);
if (skb_tailroom(skb) < (int)NFA_SPACE(data_len)) {
printk(KERN_WARNING "nf_queue: no tailroom!\n");
goto nlmsg_failure;
}
nfa = (struct nfattr *)skb_put(skb, NFA_ALIGN(size));
nfa->nfa_type = NFQA_PAYLOAD;
nfa->nfa_len = size;
if (skb_copy_bits(entskb, 0, NFA_DATA(nfa), data_len))
BUG();
}
// netlink信息长度,新tail减老的tail值
nlh->nlmsg_len = skb->tail - old_tail;
return skb;
nlmsg_failure:
nfattr_failure:
if (skb)
kfree_skb(skb);
*errp = -EINVAL;
if (net_ratelimit())
printk(KERN_ERR "nf_queue: error creating packet message\n");
return NULL;
}
3.2.4 登记nfqueue netlink设备通知
static struct notifier_block nfqnl_dev_notifier = {
.notifier_call = nfqnl_rcv_dev_event,
};
static int
nfqnl_rcv_dev_event(struct notifier_block *this,
unsigned long event, void *ptr)
{
struct net_device *dev = ptr;
// 只处理设备释放事件,如果网卡DOWN了,就会进行相关处理
/* Drop any packets associated with the downed device */
if (event == NETDEV_DOWN)
nfqnl_dev_drop(dev->ifindex);
return NOTIFY_DONE;
}
/* drop all packets with either indev or outdev == ifindex from all queue
* instances */
static void
nfqnl_dev_drop(int ifindex)
{
int i;
QDEBUG("entering for ifindex %u\n", ifindex);
/* this only looks like we have to hold the readlock for a way too long
* time, issue_verdict(), nf_reinject(), ... - but we always only
* issue NF_DROP, which is processed directly in nf_reinject() */
read_lock_bh(&instances_lock);
// 查找所有队列
for (i = 0; i < INSTANCE_BUCKETS; i++) {
struct hlist_node *tmp;
struct nfqnl_instance *inst;
struct hlist_head *head = &instance_table[i];
hlist_for_each_entry(inst, tmp, head, hlist) {
struct nfqnl_queue_entry *entry;
while ((entry = find_dequeue_entry(inst, dev_cmp,
ifindex)) != NULL)
// 一旦数据包的进入或发出网卡是DOWN掉的网卡,就丢弃该数据包
issue_verdict(entry, NF_DROP);
}
}
read_unlock_bh(&instances_lock);
}
// 比较设备,不论是in还是out的设备,只要和ifindex符合的就匹配成功
static int
dev_cmp(struct nfqnl_queue_entry *entry, unsigned long ifindex)
{
struct nf_info *entinf = entry->info;
if (entinf->indev)
if (entinf->indev->ifindex == ifindex)
return 1;
if (entinf->outdev)
if (entinf->outdev->ifindex == ifindex)
return 1;
return 0;
}
3.2.5 /proc
就是以前介绍的2.6.*中用于实现/proc只读文件的seq操作
static struct file_operations nfqnl_file_ops = {
.owner = THIS_MODULE,
.open = nfqnl_open,
.read = seq_read,
.llseek = seq_lseek,
.release = seq_release_private,
};
static int nfqnl_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
{
struct seq_file *seq;
struct iter_state *is;
int ret;
is = kzalloc(sizeof(*is), GFP_KERNEL);
if (!is)
return -ENOMEM;
// 打开nfqueue netlink的顺序操作
// 文件内容就是16个HASH表中的各项的参数,最多65536项
ret = seq_open(file, &nfqnl_seq_ops);
if (ret < 0)
goto out_free;
seq = file->private_data;
seq->private = is;
return ret;
out_free:
kfree(is);
return ret;
}
static int seq_show(struct seq_file *s, void *v)
{
const struct nfqnl_instance *inst = v;
// 该/proc文件中最大可能会有65536行, 每行表示一个子queue的信息
return seq_printf(s, "%5d %6d %5d %1d %5d %5d %5d %8d %2d\n",
inst->queue_num,
inst->peer_pid, inst->queue_total,
inst->copy_mode, inst->copy_range,
inst->queue_dropped, inst->queue_user_dropped,
atomic_read(&inst->id_sequence),
atomic_read(&inst->use));
}
3.3 NFQUEUE目标
该目标很简单,返回一个无符号32位值,该值的生成就是提供一个16位的队列号,然后左移16位作为结果的
高16位,低16位置为NF_QUEUE(3).
#define NF_VERDICT_MASK 0x0000ffff
#define NF_VERDICT_BITS 16
#define NF_VERDICT_QMASK 0xffff0000
#define NF_VERDICT_QBITS 16
#define NF_QUEUE_NR(x) (((x << NF_VERDICT_QBITS) & NF_VERDICT_QMASK) | NF_QUEUE)
static unsigned int
target(struct sk_buff **pskb,
const struct net_device *in,
const struct net_device *out,
unsigned int hooknum,
const struct xt_target *target,
const void *targinfo,
void *userinfo)
{
const struct xt_NFQ_info *tinfo = targinfo;
return NF_QUEUE_NR(tinfo->queuenum);
}
在iptables命令行就可以将指定的数据包设置为进入指定的子队列,例:
iptables -A INPUT -s 1.1.1.1 -d 2.2.2.2 -j NFQUEUE --queue-num 100
将从1.1.1.1到2.2.2.2的包发送到子队列100.
3.4 NFQUEUE包处理
和正常netfilter数据包处理一样, 要进行NFQUEUE的数据包也进入nf_hook_slow()函数处理:
/* net/netfilter/core.c */
int nf_hook_slow(int pf, unsigned int hook, struct sk_buff **pskb,
struct net_device *indev,
struct net_device *outdev,
int (*okfn)(struct sk_buff *),
int hook_thresh)
{
......
// 对于NFQUEUE的包,看verdict的低16位是否为NF_QUEUE
} else if ((verdict & NF_VERDICT_MASK) == NF_QUEUE) {
NFDEBUG("nf_hook: Verdict = QUEUE.\n");
// 进入nf_queue进行处理
if (!nf_queue(pskb, elem, pf, hook, indev, outdev, okfn,
verdict >> NF_VERDICT_BITS))
goto next_hook;
......
}
/* net/netfilter/nf_queue.c */
// nf_queue()函数和以前2.4基本是相同的,从这里是看不出ip_queue和nf_queue的区别,
// 每个协议族还是只有一个QUEUE的handler,但这时挂接的nf_queue的handler
// 的处理函数nfqnl_enqueue_packet()
/*
* Any packet that leaves via this function must come back
* through nf_reinject().
*/
int nf_queue(struct sk_buff **skb,
struct list_head *elem,
int pf, unsigned int hook,
struct net_device *indev,
struct net_device *outdev,
int (*okfn)(struct sk_buff *),
unsigned int queuenum)
{
int status;
struct nf_info *info;
#ifdef CONFIG_BRIDGE_NETFILTER
struct net_device *physindev = NULL;
struct net_device *physoutdev = NULL;
#endif
struct nf_afinfo *afinfo;
/* QUEUE == DROP if noone is waiting, to be safe. */
read_lock(&queue_handler_lock);
if (!queue_handler[pf]) {
read_unlock(&queue_handler_lock);
kfree_skb(*skb);
return 1;
}
afinfo = nf_get_afinfo(pf);
if (!afinfo) {
read_unlock(&queue_handler_lock);
kfree_skb(*skb);
return 1;
}
info = kmalloc(sizeof(*info) + afinfo->route_key_size, GFP_ATOMIC);
if (!info) {
if (net_ratelimit())
printk(KERN_ERR "OOM queueing packet %p\n",
*skb);
read_unlock(&queue_handler_lock);
kfree_skb(*skb);
return 1;
}
*info = (struct nf_info) {
(struct nf_hook_ops *)elem, pf, hook, indev, outdev, okfn };
/* If it's going away, ignore hook. */
if (!try_module_get(info->elem->owner)) {
read_unlock(&queue_handler_lock);
kfree(info);
return 0;
}
/* Bump dev refs so they don't vanish while packet is out */
if (indev) dev_hold(indev);
if (outdev) dev_hold(outdev);
#ifdef CONFIG_BRIDGE_NETFILTER
if ((*skb)->nf_bridge) {
physindev = (*skb)->nf_bridge->physindev;
if (physindev) dev_hold(physindev);
physoutdev = (*skb)->nf_bridge->physoutdev;
if (physoutdev) dev_hold(physoutdev);
}
#endif
afinfo->saveroute(*skb, info);
status = queue_handler[pf]->outfn(*skb, info, queuenum,
queue_handler[pf]->data);
read_unlock(&queue_handler_lock);
if (status < 0) {
/* James M doesn't say fuck enough. */
if (indev) dev_put(indev);
if (outdev) dev_put(outdev);
#ifdef CONFIG_BRIDGE_NETFILTER
if (physindev) dev_put(physindev);
if (physoutdev) dev_put(physoutdev);
#endif
module_put(info->elem->owner);
kfree(info);
kfree_skb(*skb);
return 1;
}
return 1;
}
4. 结论
nf_queue扩展了ip_queue的功能，使用类似802.1qVLAN的技术，将数据包打上不同的“标签”使之归到
不同的队列，而不再象ip_queue那样只支持一个队列，这样就可以使最多65536个应用程序接收内核数据
包，从而分别进行更仔细的分类处理。
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