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开发实战|3步教你在以太坊上开一家宠物店(附流程+代码)

开发实战|3步教你在以太坊上开一家宠物店(附流程+代码)

作者: 宇宙永恒 | 来源:发表于2018-04-09 20:22 被阅读36次
    image

    DApp是区块链技术落地应用的主要体现方式,通过将友好的交互设计与其背后的智能合约相结合,就能产生一个个区块链应用。

    开发一个DApp需要哪些技能?需要几个人配合?其实,1个人分3步就可以完成一个DApp!

    • 首先准备并部署开发环境

    • 其次编写并部署智能合约

    • 最后测试合约并创建交互

    HiBlock区块链社区Bob在自己的摸索与实践中开发了一款基于以太坊的宠物店,开发成功后,总结自己的经验与心得,通过一次线上分享的活动,与区块链爱好者交流探讨。

    以下是Bob根据开发过程整理的流程文档。

    1

    开发环境的准备

    本地环境Mac

    这个教程会用到的环境:

    • 开发环境:node.js, npm (本文用到的node version, v9.11.1 npm version v5.6.0)

    • 编译部署环境:truffle (version 4.1.5, solidity 0.4.21)

    • 以太坊私链:ganache (version 1.1.0)

    问题:

    这里碰到第一个坑,以前安装过老版本node.js,提示必须升级新版本,但总提示:brew link error 无法找到:/usr/local/Cellar/

    解决方案:

    uninstall, install, link 最终解决

    安装开发环境

    BobJianglocal:pet-shop-tutorial bobjiang$ brew uninstall node --force

    BobJianglocal:pet-shop-tutorial bobjiang$ brew uninstall npm --force
    BobJianglocal:pet-shop-tutorial bobjiang$ brew link node
    BobJianglocal:pet-shop-tutorial bobjiang$ brew install node
    BobJianglocal:pet-shop-tutorial bobjiang$

    安装truffle

    BobJianglocal:pet-shop-tutorial bobjiang$ npm install -g truffle

    安装ganache

    下载ganache(地址:http://truffleframework.com/ganache/

    2

    从Truffle box创建项目

    BobJianglocal:pet-shop-tutorial bobjiang$ mkdir pet-shop-tutorial
    BobJianglocal:pet-shop-tutorial bobjiang$ cd pet-shop-tutorial/
    BobJianglocal:pet-shop-tutorial bobjiang$ truffle unbox pet-shop

    truffle框架目录介绍:

    • contracts/ : 智能合约文件存在这里,后缀.sol (solidity)

    • migrations/ : 部署脚本

    • test/ : 测试脚本

    • truffle.js :truffle的配置文件

    3

    编写智能合约

    在 contracts/ 目录下创建 Adoption.sol 文件,内容如下:

    pragma solidity ^0.4.17;

    contract Adoption {
    address[16] public adopters;

    //adopting a pet
    function adopt(uint petId) public returns (uint) {
    require(petId >= 0 && petId <= 15);
    adopters[petId] = msg.sender;
    return petId;
    }

    //retrieve the adopters
    function getAdopters() public view returns (address[16]) {
    return adopters;
    }
    }

    4

    编译部署合约

    编译合约

    BobJianglocal:pet-shop-tutorial bobjiang$ truffle compile
    Compiling ./contracts/Adoption.sol...
    Compiling ./contracts/Migrations.sol...

    Compilation warnings encountered:

    /Users/bobjiang/Documents/hiblock.net/truffle/pet-shop-tutorial/contracts/Migrations.sol:11:3: Warning: No visibility specified. Defaulting to "public".
    function Migrations() {
    ^ (Relevant source part starts here and spans across multiple lines).
    ,/Users/bobjiang/Documents/hiblock.net/truffle/pet-shop-tutorial/contracts/Migrations.sol:15:3: Warning: No visibility specified. Defaulting to "public".
    function setCompleted(uint completed) restricted {
    ^ (Relevant source part starts here and spans across multiple lines).
    ,/Users/bobjiang/Documents/hiblock.net/truffle/pet-shop-tutorial/contracts/Migrations.sol:19:3: Warning: No visibility specified. Defaulting to "public".
    function upgrade(address new_address) restricted {
    ^ (Relevant source part starts here and spans across multiple lines).

    Writing artifacts to ./build/contracts

    上面有警告的地方,可以忽略。(原来给的文件里面没有指定函数的可见性)

    部署合约

    1、在 migratios/ 目录内创建新文件 2_deploy_contracts.js 内容如下:

    var Adoption = artifacts.require("Adoption");

    module.exports = function(deployer) {
    deployer.deploy(Adoption);
    };

    2、确保安装好了 ganache

    安装好后第一次启动的界面如下(借用的源文档图片)

    image

    3、智能合约部署到以太坊(私链)上

    BobJianglocal:pet-shop-tutorial bobjiang$ truffle migrate
    Using network 'development'.

    Running migration: 1_initial_migration.js
    Deploying Migrations...
    ... 0x579459f9d2e89ed07356c7565056e082b540c5f441ffcdc1e4676f42536451d5
    Migrations: 0x651ee6754b509e0f3413fcb6c88c6c20dc8c9d28
    Saving successful migration to network...
    ... 0xfafeb069ba502196abeabef2c097bdd9e4db9ab02c98a9b98d8db47f7d205a9b
    Saving artifacts...
    Running migration: 2_deploy_contracts.js
    Deploying Adoption...
    ... 0xaee412f76fe2ed3853f8e138f009cd8fca23835547a39e23188affef55665460
    Adoption: 0x104ba492f5d8f4e0df6971ae09ca0c9b496ff15b
    Saving successful migration to network...
    ... 0x9219eeba1a1eb945d4fe1fb1bf6cdb2b70218c22b264134cfd97e2f4dfe026ef
    Saving artifacts...

    部署完成后,可以看到有四笔交易(四个区块):

    image

    5

    测试智能合约

    智能合约可以也可以用测试类来进行断言(assert)验证。例如在 test/ 目录内创建新文件 TestAdoption.sol 内容如下:

    pragma solidity ^0.4.17;

    import "truffle/Assert.sol";
    import "truffle/DeployedAddresses.sol";
    import "../contracts/Adoption.sol";

    contract TestAdoption {
    Adoption adoption = Adoption(DeployedAddresses.Adoption());

    //test adopt() function
    function testUserCanAdoptPet() public {
    uint returnedId = adoption.adopt(8);

     uint expected = 8;
    
     Assert.equal(returnedId, expected, "Adoption of Pet ID 8 should be recorded.");
    

    }

    //test retrieve of a single pet owner
    function testGetAdopterAddressByPetId() public {
    //expected owner is this contract
    address expected = this;
    address adopter = adoption.adopters(8);
    Assert.equal(adopter, expected, "owner of pet id 8 should be recorded.");
    }

    //test retrive of all pet owners
    function testGetAdopterAddressByPetIdInArray() public {
    //expected owner is this contract
    address expected = this;
    address[16] memory adopters = adoption.getAdopters();

     Assert.equal(adopters[8], expected, "owner of pet id 8 should be recorded.");
    

    }
    }

    运行测试,结果如下:

    BobJianglocal:pet-shop-tutorial bobjiang$ pwd
    /hiblock.net/truffle/pet-shop-tutorial
    BobJianglocal:pet-shop-tutorial bobjiang$ truffle test
    Using network 'development'.

    Compiling ./contracts/Adoption.sol...
    Compiling ./test/TestAdoption.sol...
    Compiling truffle/Assert.sol...
    Compiling truffle/DeployedAddresses.sol...

    Compilation warnings encountered:

    truffle/Assert.sol:1563:9: Warning: Use of the "var" keyword is deprecated.
    var nstr = _itoa(value, 10);
    ------
    ,truffle/Assert.sol:1580:9: Warning: Use of the "var" keyword is deprecated.
    var nstr = _utoa(value, 10);
    ------
    ,truffle/Assert.sol:1597:9: Warning: Use of the "var" keyword is deprecated.
    var nstr = _ltoa(value);
    ------
    ,truffle/Assert.sol:1347:13: Warning: Invoking events without "emit" prefix is deprecated.
    TestEvent(true, "");
    -----------------
    ,truffle/Assert.sol:1349:13: Warning: Invoking events without "emit" prefix is deprecated.
    TestEvent(false, message);
    -----------------------

    TestAdoption
    ✓ testUserCanAdoptPet (113ms)
    ✓ testGetAdopterAddressByPetId (103ms)
    ✓ testGetAdopterAddressByPetIdInArray (132ms)

    3 passing (1s)

    上面Assert.sol里面有警告,var关键词已经不建议使用。忽略掉。

    6

    开始用户界面的工作

    用户界面(UI)是前端工作,这里用的javascript。主要文件是app.js,存在目录 /src/js/app.js 中。文件内容如下:

    App = {
    web3Provider: null,
    contracts: {},

    init: function() {
    // Load pets.
    $.getJSON('../pets.json', function(data) {
    var petsRow = $('#petsRow');
    var petTemplate = $('#petTemplate');

     for (i = 0; i < data.length; i ++) {
       petTemplate.find('.panel-title').text(data[i].name);
       petTemplate.find('img').attr('src', data[i].picture);
       petTemplate.find('.pet-breed').text(data[i].breed);
       petTemplate.find('.pet-age').text(data[i].age);
       petTemplate.find('.pet-location').text(data[i].location);
       petTemplate.find('.btn-adopt').attr('data-id', data[i].id);
    
       petsRow.append(petTemplate.html());
     }
    

    });

    return App.initWeb3();
    },

    initWeb3: function() {
    // Is there an injected web3 instance?
    if (typeof web3 !== 'undefined') {
    App.web3Provider = web3.currentProvider;
    } else {
    // If no injected web3 instance is detected, fall back to Ganache
    App.web3Provider = new Web3.providers.HttpProvider('http://localhost:7545');
    }
    web3 = new Web3(App.web3Provider);

    return App.initContract();
    },

    initContract: function() {
    $.getJSON('Adoption.json', function(data) {
    // Get the necessary contract artifact file and instantiate it with truffle-contract
    var AdoptionArtifact = data;
    App.contracts.Adoption = TruffleContract(AdoptionArtifact);

    // Set the provider for our contract
    App.contracts.Adoption.setProvider(App.web3Provider);

    // Use our contract to retrieve and mark the adopted pets
    return App.markAdopted();
    });

    return App.bindEvents();
    },

    bindEvents: function() {
    $(document).on('click', '.btn-adopt', App.handleAdopt);
    },

    markAdopted: function(adopters, account) {
    var adoptionInstance;

    App.contracts.Adoption.deployed().then(function(instance) {
    adoptionInstance = instance;

    return adoptionInstance.getAdopters.call();
    }).then(function(adopters) {
    for (i = 0; i < adopters.length; i++) {
    if (adopters[i] !== '0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000') {
    $('.panel-pet').eq(i).find('button').text('Success').attr('disabled', true);
    }
    }
    }).catch(function(err) {
    console.log(err.message);
    });
    },

    handleAdopt: function(event) {
    event.preventDefault();

    var petId = parseInt($(event.target).data('id'));

    var adoptionInstance;

    web3.eth.getAccounts(function(error, accounts) {
    if (error) {
    console.log(error);
    }

    var account = accounts[0];

    App.contracts.Adoption.deployed().then(function(instance) {
    adoptionInstance = instance;

    // Execute adopt as a transaction by sending account
    return adoptionInstance.adopt(petId, {from: account});
    }).then(function(result) {
    return App.markAdopted();
    }).catch(function(err) {
    console.log(err.message);
    });
    });
    }

    };

    $(function() {
    $(window).load(function() {
    App.init();
    });
    });

    安装配置MetaMask

    与Dapp互动的最容易的方式是通过 MetaMask

    (地址:https://metamask.io/

    • 1、在浏览器内安装MetaMask

    • 2、装好后,以Chrome浏览器插件形式存在

    • 3、同意,接受条款

    • 4、如下图,点击"Import Existing DEN"

    image
    • 5、返回 ganache 的主界面,在 Accounts 下有一行12个单词的助记词,如下图
    image
    • 6、复制助记词,粘贴到 MetaMask 界面中的 Wallet Seed 文本框中

    • 7、设置一个密码,点击 OK

    • 8、点击 MetaMask 左上角的 Main Network ,点击 Custom RPC

    • 9、在 New RPC URL 中输入 “http://127.0.0.1:7545”

    • 10、返回 MetaMask 主界面,可以看到账户信息

    上面的第六步碰到第二个坑,这里的助记词一定用你的 ganache 私链上的,否则 MetaMask 钱包无法链接到本地的私链,因此无法显示余额

    安装配置 lite-server

    在解开的目录内,有 bs-config.jscon 和 package.json 两个配置文件,不必要修改。(这里定义了lite server,一会儿浏览器访问dapp用)

    命令行启动lite-server

    BobJianglocal:pet-shop-tutorial bobjiang$ npm run dev

    pet-shop@1.0.0 dev /Users/bobjiang/Documents/hiblock.net/truffle/pet-shop-tutorial
    lite-server

    ** browser-sync config **
    { injectChanges: false,
    files: [ './*/.{html,htm,css,js}' ],
    watchOptions: { ignored: 'node_modules' },
    server:
    { baseDir: [ './src', './build/contracts' ],
    middleware: [ [Function], [Function] ] } }
    [Browsersync] Access URLs:


      Local: http://localhost:3000
    

    External: http://192.168.199.126:3000

         UI: http://localhost:3001
    

    UI External: http://192.168.199.126:3001

    [Browsersync] Serving files from: ./src
    [Browsersync] Serving files from: ./build/contracts
    [Browsersync] Watching files...
    18.04.08 15:20:02 200 GET /index.html

    打开宠物店: http://localhost:3000

    选择一个你喜欢的狗狗,点击 Adopt(领养)

    MetaMask会自动提示,有一笔交易需要你同意

    点击 Submit 返回宠物店

    可能需要刷新页面 http://localhost:3000,就可以看到刚才你领养的那只狗,已经领养成功了。(其他人无法领养)

    返回 MetaMask 钱包可以看到刚才的领养的交易

    返回 ganache 也可以看到刚才的这笔交易被打包了

    恭喜你,第一个 dapp 搞定啦!

    7

    参考文档

    truffle pet shop

    地址:http://truffleframework.com/tutorials/pet-shop


    点击“阅读原文”即可查看GitHub源文档,Bob老师将于4月11日(周三)20:00-21:30进行线上操作演练分享,有兴趣的小伙伴可识别下图二维码报名哦

    image

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