上海博物馆的很多展馆要关了,所以坚持着脚酸腿疼,逛了一些常规展馆,先是中国古代玉器馆。
中国素有"玉石之国"的美誉,以玉作器迄今已有八千多年的历史。
在古代社会,玉不仅被用于装饰,而且是财富、权力的象征,又是统治者祭天祀地、沟通神灵的法物,也被用于辟邪敛葬,其自然属性被人格化和道德化,玉成为古代文化的标志之一。
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史前玉器的制作已有卓越的成就,在选材、饰纹、琢磨、抛光等方面达到了当时技术条件下的高度水平;夏商西周时礼仪性器物得到充分发展;春秋战国汉代盛行杂佩,造型灵巧多变;魏晋南北朝则逐渐走向低谷;唐宋重又复兴,玉器趋于世俗化;辽金玉器在表现少数民族生活题材上独具特色;元明清玉器臻于广泛,清代在大型物件制作上别树一帜。
一、神秘奇幻的史前玉器:
公元前6000年左右至前2000年,在广大地区的新石器时期文化中都产生了具有各自区域特征的玉礼器和玉饰件,其中尤以辽河流域红山文化的动物形和几何形器物,太湖流域良渚文化的玉璧、玉琮、玉斧、玉钺和黄河流域龙山文化的玉璋、玉刀等最具代表,功能独特,内涵丰富。
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制作玉器需要有相当一批在氏族内脱离一般劳动的高技艺专业生产者,这些精致的作品为氏族首领或巫师们所占有,它们是古代文明曙光初现的实物见证。
二、灵动不拘的春秋战国玉器:
春秋战国是玉器发展的转变期。随着旧体制的"礼崩乐坏"、新体制的确立和生产力的进步,为适应现实社会需要,各种具有新形式、新内容的玉器品种不断被创造出来。
饰玉替代礼玉成为主流,由多种玉器共同组合成的杂佩十分盛行,形式不一,变化多端,玉带钩和剑上的玉饰也颇多出现。
流行以形体蟠曲或虬结交缠为特征的各种龙形纹样,造型奇异多姿,琢工精巧玲珑,风格自由浪漫。
三、端庄典雅的夏商西周玉器:
夏、商、西周开始进入文明全盛时期。统治者为了巩固自身政权和实行礼治的需要,建立了一整套的用玉制度,产生了系列化的玉礼器,除了沿袭史前时期的一些种类外,还出现了不少新品。
玉饰件也获得较大发展,形态以动物和想象中的神物为多,有时也与人物组成复合纹样。当时贵族服装上都佩戴玉器,所谓"君子佩玉",玉饰是贵族身份不可或缺的标识。商周玉器风格和当时社会艺术风格发展一致,抽象变形,古朴谨严。
四、雄健瑰丽的汉晋玉器:
两汉玉器在继承战国玉器的基础上有了更大发展,具有承上启下的作用。除神灵动物外,还流行云纹、蒲纹、乳丁纹等纹样。
在社会厚葬观念的驱使下,上层贵族使用葬玉的规模超过以往。葬玉中玉玲多作蝉形,玉握则为伏豚,雕琢简练刚劲。由于谶纬神学影响,辟邪类玉器增多。
魏晋南北朝时代由于政治上分裂,争战频仍,交通阻塞,西域的玉材来源亦受到限制,琢玉业逐渐走向低潮,玉制品甚少。
五、清新多元的唐宋辽金玉器:
唐宋以后,玉器逐步朝着民间化、世俗化的方向发展,日常生活用器与玩赏品大量兴起,风格别开生面,走兽、禽鸟、花卉、山林等题材尤为流行。
唐代玉带板上的伎乐人像反映出中外文化交流的影响。
两宋的花鸟玉饰和执莲玉童,具有清新的生活气息和显著的时代风尚。
辽金北方游牧民族玉器受唐宋影响,又保留了本民族特色,如以狩猎为主题的"春"秋山"玉饰等,富有独特的审美情趣。
六、炫巧争艳的元明清玉器:
元明清时期在商品经济繁荣的大背景下,玉器社会化程度和琢制业规模不断加深和扩大。皇家贵族用玉范围甚广,日用、佩饰、陈设、文玩等各种玉器的品种和数量都超越了此前任何一个时期。
民间用玉也非常普遍,富商、文人等各阶层都爱尚玉器。元明清三代玉器艺术风格不尽相同,元代琢工善深雕技术,明代则粗犷刚质,有"粗大明"之称,清代大多流于繁缚纤巧,其中以乾隆玉器为古代玉器最高工艺水平的代表。
精巧细致的玉器展品靓花了我的眼睛。
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