Java8 判空新写法！

在文章的开头，先说下NPE问题，NPE问题就是，我们在开发中经常碰到的NullPointerException.假设我们有两个类，他们的UML类图如下图所示

[图片上传失败...(image-648081-1650026123891)]

在这种情况下，有如下代码

<pre class="prettyprint hljs less" style="padding: 0.5em; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); border-radius: 4px; display: block; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5em; word-break: break-all; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: none; overflow-x: auto; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">user.getAddress().getProvince();</pre>

这种写法，在user为null时，是有可能报NullPointerException异常的。为了解决这个问题，于是采用下面的写法

<pre class="prettyprint hljs vbscript" style="padding: 0.5em; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); border-radius: 4px; display: block; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5em; word-break: break-all; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: none; overflow-x: auto; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">if(user!=null){
Address address = user.getAddress();
if(address!=null){
String province = address.getProvince();
}
}</pre>

这种写法是比较丑陋的，为了避免上述丑陋的写法，让丑陋的设计变得优雅。JAVA8提供了Optional类来优化这种写法，接下来的正文部分进行详细说明

一个连载多年还在继续更新的免费教程：http://blog.didispace.com/spring-boot-learning-2x/

API 介绍

先介绍一下API，与其他文章不同的是，本文采取类比的方式来讲，同时结合源码。而不像其他文章一样，一个个API罗列出来，让人找不到重点。

1、Optional(T value),empty(),of(T value),ofNullable(T value)

这四个函数之间具有相关性，因此放在一组进行记忆。

先说明一下， Optional(T value) ，即构造函数，它是private权限的，不能由外部调用的。其余三个函数是public权限，供我们所调用。那么，Optional的本质，就是内部储存了一个真实的值，在构造的时候，就直接判断其值是否为空。好吧，这么说还是比较抽象。直接上 Optional(T value) 构造函数的源码，如下图所示

[图片上传失败...(image-2a1d33-1650026123891)]

那么，of(T value)的源码如下

<pre class="prettyprint hljs cs" style="padding: 0.5em; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); border-radius: 4px; display: block; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5em; word-break: break-all; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: none; overflow-x: auto; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">public static <T> Optional<T> of(T value) {
return new Optional<>(value);
}</pre>

也就是说of(T value)函数内部调用了构造函数。根据构造函数的源码我们可以得出两个结论:

• 通过 of(T value) 函数所构造出的Optional对象，当Value值为空时，依然会报NullPointerException。
• 通过 of(T value) 函数所构造出的Optional对象，当Value值不为空时，能正常构造Optional对象。

除此之外呢，Optional类内部还维护一个value为null的对象，大概就是长下面这样的

<pre class="prettyprint hljs php" style="padding: 0.5em; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); border-radius: 4px; display: block; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5em; word-break: break-all; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: none; overflow-x: auto; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">public final class Optional<T> {
//省略....
private static final Optional<?> EMPTY = new Optional<>();
private Optional() {
this.value = null;
}
//省略...
public static<T> Optional<T> empty() {
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
Optional<T> t = (Optional<T>) EMPTY;
return t;
}
}</pre>

那么， empty（） 的作用就是返回EMPTY对象。

好了铺垫了这么多，可以说 ofNullable(T value) 的作用了，上源码

<pre class="prettyprint hljs cs" style="padding: 0.5em; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); border-radius: 4px; display: block; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5em; word-break: break-all; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: none; overflow-x: auto; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">public static <T> Optional<T> ofNullable(T value) {
return value == null ? empty() : of(value);
}</pre>

好吧，大家应该都看得懂什么意思了。相比较 of(T value) 的区别就是，当value值为null时，of(T value)会报NullPointerException异常； ofNullable(T value) 不会throw Exception， ofNullable(T value) 直接返回一个 EMPTY 对象。那是不是意味着，我们在项目中只用 ofNullable 函数而不用of函数呢?不是的，一个东西存在那么自然有存在的价值。当我们在运行过程中，不想隐藏 NullPointerException 。而是要立即报告，这种情况下就用Of函数。但是不得不承认，这样的场景真的很少。博主也仅在写junit测试用例中用到过此函数。

2、orElse(T other)，orElseGet(Supplier other)和orElseThrow(Supplier exceptionSupplier)

这三个函数放一组进行记忆，都是在构造函数传入的value值为null时，进行调用的。 orElse 和 orElseGet 的用法如下所示，相当于value值为null时，给予一个默认值:

<pre class="prettyprint hljs livescript" style="padding: 0.5em; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); border-radius: 4px; display: block; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5em; word-break: break-all; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: none; overflow-x: auto; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">@Test
public void test() {
User user = null;
user = Optional.ofNullable(user).orElse(createUser());
user = Optional.ofNullable(user).orElseGet(() -> createUser());

}
public User createUser(){
User user = new User();
user.setName("zhangsan");
return user;
}</pre>

这两个函数的区别：当user值不为null时， orElse 函数依然会执行createUser()方法，而 orElseGet 函数并不会执行createUser()方法，大家可自行测试。至于orElseThrow，就是value值为null时,直接抛一个异常出去，用法如下所示

<pre class="prettyprint hljs livescript" style="padding: 0.5em; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); border-radius: 4px; display: block; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5em; word-break: break-all; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: none; overflow-x: auto; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">User user = null;
Optional.ofNullable(user).orElseThrow(()->new Exception("用户不存在"));</pre>

3、map(Function mapper)和flatMap(Function> mapper)

这两个函数放在一组记忆，这两个函数做的是转换值的操作。直接上源码

<pre class="prettyprint hljs kotlin" style="padding: 0.5em; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); border-radius: 4px; display: block; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5em; word-break: break-all; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: none; overflow-x: auto; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">public final class Optional<T> {
//省略....
public<U> Optional<U> map(Function<? super T, ? extends U> mapper) {
Objects.requireNonNull(mapper);
if (!isPresent())
return empty();
else {
return Optional.ofNullable(mapper.apply(value));
}
}
//省略...
public<U> Optional<U> flatMap(Function<? super T, Optional<U>> mapper) {
Objects.requireNonNull(mapper);
if (!isPresent())
return empty();
else {
return Objects.requireNonNull(mapper.apply(value));
}
}
}</pre>

这两个函数，在函数体上没什么区别。唯一区别的就是入参，map函数所接受的入参类型为 Function<? super T, ? extends U> ，而flapMap的入参类型为 Function<? super T, Optional<U>> 。在具体用法上，对于map而言：如果User结构是下面这样的

<pre class="prettyprint hljs kotlin" style="padding: 0.5em; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); border-radius: 4px; display: block; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5em; word-break: break-all; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: none; overflow-x: auto; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">public class User {
private String name;
public String getName() {
return name;
}
}</pre>

这时候取name的写法如下所示

<pre class="hljs vbnet" style="padding: 0.5em; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); border-radius: 4px; display: block; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5em; word-break: break-all; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: none; overflow-x: auto; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">String city = Optional.ofNullable(user).map(u-> u.getName()).get();</pre>

对于flatMap而言:

如果User结构是下面这样的

<pre class="prettyprint hljs kotlin" style="padding: 0.5em; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); border-radius: 4px; display: block; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5em; word-break: break-all; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: none; overflow-x: auto; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">public class User {
private String name;
public Optional<String> getName() {
return Optional.ofNullable(name);
}
}</pre>

这时候取name的写法如下所示

<pre class="prettyprint hljs vbnet" style="padding: 0.5em; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); border-radius: 4px; display: block; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5em; word-break: break-all; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: none; overflow-x: auto; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">String city = Optional.ofNullable(user).flatMap(u-> u.getName()).get();</pre>

4、isPresent()和ifPresent(Consumer consumer)

这两个函数放在一起记忆， isPresent 即判断value值是否为空，而 ifPresent 就是在value值不为空时，做一些操作。这两个函数的源码如下

<pre class="prettyprint hljs java" style="padding: 0.5em; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); border-radius: 4px; display: block; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5em; word-break: break-all; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: none; overflow-x: auto; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">public final class Optional<T> {
//省略....
public boolean isPresent() {
return value != null;
}
//省略...
public void ifPresent(Consumer<? super T> consumer) {
if (value != null)
consumer.accept(value);
}
}</pre>

需要额外说明的是，大家千万不要把

<pre class="prettyprint hljs ruby" style="padding: 0.5em; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); border-radius: 4px; display: block; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5em; word-break: break-all; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: none; overflow-x: auto; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">if (user != null){
// TODO: do something
}</pre>

给写成

<pre class="prettyprint hljs ruby" style="padding: 0.5em; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); border-radius: 4px; display: block; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5em; word-break: break-all; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: none; overflow-x: auto; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">User user = Optional.ofNullable(user);
if (Optional.isPresent()){
// TODO: do something
}</pre>

因为这样写，代码结构依然丑陋。博主会在后面给出正确写法至于 ifPresent(Consumer<? super T> consumer) ，用法也很简单，如下所示

<pre class="prettyprint hljs less" style="padding: 0.5em; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); border-radius: 4px; display: block; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5em; word-break: break-all; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: none; overflow-x: auto; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">Optional.ofNullable(user).ifPresent(u->{
// TODO: do something
});</pre>

5、filter(Predicate predicate)

不多说，直接上源码

<pre class="prettyprint hljs kotlin" style="padding: 0.5em; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); border-radius: 4px; display: block; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5em; word-break: break-all; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: none; overflow-x: auto; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">public final class Optional<T> {
//省略....
Objects.requireNonNull(predicate);
if (!isPresent())
return this;
else
return predicate.test(value) ? this : empty();
}</pre>

filter 方法接受一个 Predicate 来对 Optional 中包含的值进行过滤，如果包含的值满足条件，那么还是返回这个 Optional；否则返回 Optional.empty 。用法如下

<pre class="prettyprint hljs dockerfile" style="padding: 0.5em; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); border-radius: 4px; display: block; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5em; word-break: break-all; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: none; overflow-x: auto; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">Optional<User> user1 = Optional.ofNullable(user).filter(u -> u.getName().length()<6);</pre>

如上所示，如果user的name的长度是小于6的，则返回。如果是大于6的，则返回一个EMPTY对象。一个连载多年还在继续更新的免费教程：http://blog.didispace.com/spring-boot-learning-2x/

实战使用

例一

在函数方法中以前写法

<pre class="prettyprint hljs java" style="padding: 0.5em; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); border-radius: 4px; display: block; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5em; word-break: break-all; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: none; overflow-x: auto; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">public String getCity(User user) throws Exception{
if(user!=null){
if(user.getAddress()!=null){
Address address = user.getAddress();
if(address.getCity()!=null){
return address.getCity();
}
}
}
throw new Excpetion("取值错误");
}</pre>

JAVA8写法

<pre class="prettyprint hljs cpp" style="padding: 0.5em; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); border-radius: 4px; display: block; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5em; word-break: break-all; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: none; overflow-x: auto; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">public String getCity(User user) throws Exception{
return Optional.ofNullable(user)
.map(u-> u.getAddress())
.map(a->a.getCity())
.orElseThrow(()->new Exception("取指错误"));
}</pre>

例二

比如，在主程序中

以前写法

<pre class="prettyprint hljs less" style="padding: 0.5em; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); border-radius: 4px; display: block; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5em; word-break: break-all; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: none; overflow-x: auto; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">if(user!=null){
dosomething(user);
}</pre>

JAVA8写法

<pre class="prettyprint hljs less" style="padding: 0.5em; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); border-radius: 4px; display: block; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5em; word-break: break-all; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: none; overflow-x: auto; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">Optional.ofNullable(user)
.ifPresent(u->{
dosomething(u);
});</pre>

例三

以前写法

<pre class="prettyprint hljs java" style="padding: 0.5em; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); border-radius: 4px; display: block; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5em; word-break: break-all; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: none; overflow-x: auto; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">public User getUser(User user) throws Exception{
if(user!=null){
String name = user.getName();
if("zhangsan".equals(name)){
return user;
}
}else{
user = new User();
user.setName("zhangsan");
return user;
}
}</pre>

java8写法

<pre class="prettyprint hljs livescript" style="padding: 0.5em; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); border-radius: 4px; display: block; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5em; word-break: break-all; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: none; overflow-x: auto; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">public User getUser(User user) {
return Optional.ofNullable(user)
.filter(u->"zhangsan".equals(u.getName()))
.orElseGet(()-> {
User user1 = new User();
user1.setName("zhangsan");
return user1;
});
}</pre>

其他的例子，不一一列举了。