1.什么是 Elasticsearch
想查数据就免不了搜索,搜索就离不开搜索引擎,百度、谷歌都是一个非常庞大复杂的搜索引擎,他们几乎索引了互联网上开放的所有网页和数据。然而对于我们自己的业务数据来说,肯定就没必要用这么复杂的技术了,如果我们想实现自己的搜索引擎,方便存储和检索,Elasticsearch 就是不二选择,它是一个全文搜索引擎,可以快速地储存、搜索和分析海量数据。
2.为什么要用 Elasticsearch
Elasticsearch 是一个开源的搜索引擎,建立在一个全文搜索引擎库 Apache Lucene™ 基础之上。
那 Lucene 又是什么?Lucene 可能是目前存在的,不论开源还是私有的,拥有最先进,高性能和全功能搜索引擎功能的库,但也仅仅只是一个库。要用上 Lucene,我们需要编写 Java 并引用 Lucene 包才可以,而且我们需要对信息检索有一定程度的理解才能明白 Lucene 是怎么工作的,反正用起来没那么简单。
那么为了解决这个问题,Elasticsearch 就诞生了。Elasticsearch 也是使用 Java 编写的,它的内部使用 Lucene 做索引与搜索,但是它的目标是使全文检索变得简单,相当于 Lucene 的一层封装,它提供了一套简单一致的 RESTful API 来帮助我们实现存储和检索。
所以 Elasticsearch 仅仅就是一个简易版的 Lucene 封装吗?那就大错特错了,Elasticsearch 不仅仅是 Lucene,并且也不仅仅只是一个全文搜索引擎。 它可以被下面这样准确的形容:
一个分布式的实时文档存储,每个字段可以被索引与搜索 一个分布式实时分析搜索引擎 能胜任上百个服务节点的扩展,并支持 PB 级别的结构化或者非结构化数据 总之,是一个相当牛逼的搜索引擎,维基百科、Stack Overflow、GitHub 都纷纷采用它来做搜索。
Elasticsearch 的安装
我们可以到 Elasticsearch 的官方网站下载 Elasticsearch:https://www.elastic.co/downloads/elasticsearch,同时官网也附有安装说明。
首先把安装包下载下来并解压,然后运行 bin/elasticsearch(Mac 或 Linux)或者 bin\elasticsearch.bat (Windows) 即可启动 Elasticsearch 了。
我使用的是 Mac,Mac 下个人推荐使用 Homebrew 安装:
<pre spellcheck="false" class="md-fences md-end-block ty-contain-cm modeLoaded" lang="" cid="n14" mdtype="fences" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: visible; font-family: var(--monospace); font-size: 0.9em; display: block; break-inside: avoid; text-align: left; white-space: normal; background-image: inherit; background-position: inherit; background-size: inherit; background-repeat: inherit; background-attachment: inherit; background-origin: inherit; background-clip: inherit; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248); position: relative !important; border: 1px solid rgb(231, 234, 237); border-radius: 3px; padding: 8px 4px 6px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; width: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">brew install elasticsearch</pre>
Elasticsearch 默认会在 9200 端口上运行,我们打开浏览器访问http://localhost:9200/ 就可以看到类似内容:
<pre spellcheck="false" class="md-fences md-end-block ty-contain-cm modeLoaded" lang="" cid="n16" mdtype="fences" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: visible; font-family: var(--monospace); font-size: 0.9em; display: block; break-inside: avoid; text-align: left; white-space: normal; background-image: inherit; background-position: inherit; background-size: inherit; background-repeat: inherit; background-attachment: inherit; background-origin: inherit; background-clip: inherit; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248); position: relative !important; border: 1px solid rgb(231, 234, 237); border-radius: 3px; padding: 8px 4px 6px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; width: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">{
"name" : "atntrTf",
"cluster_name" : "elasticsearch",
"cluster_uuid" : "e64hkjGtTp6_G2h1Xxdv5g",
"version" : {
"number": "6.2.4",
"build_hash": "ccec39f",
"build_date": "2018-04-12T20:37:28.497551Z",
"build_snapshot": false,
"lucene_version": "7.2.1",
"minimum_wire_compatibility_version": "5.6.0",
"minimum_index_compatibility_version": "5.0.0"
},
"tagline" : "You Know, for Search"
}</pre>
如果看到这个内容,就说明 Elasticsearch 安装并启动成功了,这里显示我的 Elasticsearch 版本是 6.2.4 版本,版本很重要,以后安装一些插件都要做到版本对应才可以。
接下来我们来了解一下 Elasticsearch 的基本概念以及和 Python 的对接。
Elasticsearch 相关概念
在 Elasticsearch 中有几个基本的概念,如节点、索引、文档等等,下面来分别说明一下,理解了这些概念对熟悉 Elasticsearch 是非常有帮助的。
Node 和 Cluster
Elasticsearch 本质上是一个分布式数据库,允许多台服务器协同工作,每台服务器可以运行多个 Elasticsearch 实例。
单个 Elasticsearch 实例称为一个节点(Node)。一组节点构成一个集群(Cluster)。
Index
Elasticsearch 会索引所有字段,经过处理后写入一个反向索引(Inverted Index)。查找数据的时候,直接查找该索引。
所以,Elasticsearch 数据管理的顶层单位就叫做 Index(索引),其实就相当于 MySQL、MongoDB 等里面的数据库的概念。另外值得注意的是,每个 Index (即数据库)的名字必须是小写。
Document
Index 里面单条的记录称为 Document(文档)。许多条 Document 构成了一个 Index。
Document 使用 JSON 格式表示,下面是一个例子。
同一个 Index 里面的 Document,不要求有相同的结构(scheme),但是最好保持相同,这样有利于提高搜索效率。
Type
Document 可以分组,比如 weather 这个 Index 里面,可以按城市分组(北京和上海),也可以按气候分组(晴天和雨天)。这种分组就叫做 Type,它是虚拟的逻辑分组,用来过滤 Document,类似 MySQL 中的数据表,MongoDB 中的 Collection。
不同的 Type 应该有相似的结构(Schema),举例来说,id 字段不能在这个组是字符串,在另一个组是数值。这是与关系型数据库的表的一个区别。性质完全不同的数据(比如 products 和 logs)应该存成两个 Index,而不是一个 Index 里面的两个 Type(虽然可以做到)。
根据规划,Elastic 6.x 版只允许每个 Index 包含一个 Type,7.x 版将会彻底移除 Type。
Fields
即字段,每个 Document 都类似一个 JSON 结构,它包含了许多字段,每个字段都有其对应的值,多个字段组成了一个 Document,其实就可以类比 MySQL 数据表中的字段。
在 Elasticsearch 中,文档归属于一种类型(Type),而这些类型存在于索引(Index)中,我们可以画一些简单的对比图来类比传统关系型数据库:
<pre spellcheck="false" class="md-fences md-end-block ty-contain-cm modeLoaded" lang="" cid="n39" mdtype="fences" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: visible; font-family: var(--monospace); font-size: 0.9em; display: block; break-inside: avoid; text-align: left; white-space: normal; background-image: inherit; background-position: inherit; background-size: inherit; background-repeat: inherit; background-attachment: inherit; background-origin: inherit; background-clip: inherit; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248); position: relative !important; border: 1px solid rgb(231, 234, 237); border-radius: 3px; padding: 8px 4px 6px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; width: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">Relational DB -> Databases -> Tables -> Rows -> Columns
Elasticsearch -> Indices -> Types -> Documents -> Fields</pre>
以上就是 Elasticsearch 里面的一些基本概念,通过和关系性数据库的对比更加有助于理解。
Python 对接 Elasticsearch
Elasticsearch 实际上提供了一系列 Restful API 来进行存取和查询操作,我们可以使用 curl 等命令来进行操作,但毕竟命令行模式没那么方便,所以这里我们就直接介绍利用 Python 来对接 Elasticsearch 的相关方法。
Python 中对接 Elasticsearch 使用的就是一个同名的库,安装方式非常简单:
<pre spellcheck="false" class="md-fences md-end-block ty-contain-cm modeLoaded" lang="" cid="n45" mdtype="fences" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: visible; font-family: var(--monospace); font-size: 0.9em; display: block; break-inside: avoid; text-align: left; white-space: normal; background-image: inherit; background-position: inherit; background-size: inherit; background-repeat: inherit; background-attachment: inherit; background-origin: inherit; background-clip: inherit; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248); position: relative !important; border: 1px solid rgb(231, 234, 237); border-radius: 3px; padding: 8px 4px 6px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; width: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">pip3 install elasticsearch</pre>
官方文档是:https://elasticsearch-py.readthedocs.io/,所有的用法都可以在里面查到,文章后面的内容也是基于官方文档来的。
创建 Index
我们先来看下怎样创建一个索引(Index),这里我们创建一个名为 news 的索引:
<pre spellcheck="false" class="md-fences md-end-block ty-contain-cm modeLoaded" lang="python" cid="n49" mdtype="fences" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: visible; font-family: var(--monospace); font-size: 0.9em; display: block; break-inside: avoid; text-align: left; white-space: normal; background-image: inherit; background-position: inherit; background-size: inherit; background-repeat: inherit; background-attachment: inherit; background-origin: inherit; background-clip: inherit; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248); position: relative !important; border: 1px solid rgb(231, 234, 237); border-radius: 3px; padding: 8px 4px 6px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; width: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">from elasticsearch import Elasticsearch
es = Elasticsearch()
result = es.indices.create(index='news', ignore=400)
print(result)</pre>
如果创建成功,会返回如下结果:
<pre spellcheck="false" class="md-fences md-end-block ty-contain-cm modeLoaded" lang="" cid="n51" mdtype="fences" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: visible; font-family: var(--monospace); font-size: 0.9em; display: block; break-inside: avoid; text-align: left; white-space: normal; background-image: inherit; background-position: inherit; background-size: inherit; background-repeat: inherit; background-attachment: inherit; background-origin: inherit; background-clip: inherit; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248); position: relative !important; border: 1px solid rgb(231, 234, 237); border-radius: 3px; padding: 8px 4px 6px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; width: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">{'acknowledged': True, 'shards_acknowledged': True, 'index': 'news'}</pre>
返回结果是 JSON 格式,其中的 acknowledged 字段表示创建操作执行成功。
但这时如果我们再把代码执行一次的话,就会返回如下结果:
<pre spellcheck="false" class="md-fences md-end-block ty-contain-cm modeLoaded" lang="" cid="n54" mdtype="fences" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: visible; font-family: var(--monospace); font-size: 0.9em; display: block; break-inside: avoid; text-align: left; white-space: normal; background-image: inherit; background-position: inherit; background-size: inherit; background-repeat: inherit; background-attachment: inherit; background-origin: inherit; background-clip: inherit; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248); position: relative !important; border: 1px solid rgb(231, 234, 237); border-radius: 3px; padding: 8px 4px 6px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; width: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">{'error': {'root_cause': [{'type': 'resource_already_exists_exception', 'reason': 'index [news/QM6yz2W8QE-bflKhc5oThw] already exists', 'index_uuid': 'QM6yz2W8QE-bflKhc5oThw', 'index': 'news'}], 'type': 'resource_already_exists_exception', 'reason': 'index [news/QM6yz2W8QE-bflKhc5oThw] already exists', 'index_uuid': 'QM6yz2W8QE-bflKhc5oThw', 'index': 'news'}, 'status': 400}</pre>
它提示创建失败,status 状态码是 400,错误原因是 Index 已经存在了。
注意这里我们的代码里面使用了 ignore 参数为 400,这说明如果返回结果是 400 的话,就忽略这个错误不会报错,程序不会执行抛出异常。
假如我们不加 ignore 这个参数的话:
<pre spellcheck="false" class="md-fences md-end-block ty-contain-cm modeLoaded" lang="" cid="n58" mdtype="fences" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: visible; font-family: var(--monospace); font-size: 0.9em; display: block; break-inside: avoid; text-align: left; white-space: normal; background-image: inherit; background-position: inherit; background-size: inherit; background-repeat: inherit; background-attachment: inherit; background-origin: inherit; background-clip: inherit; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248); position: relative !important; border: 1px solid rgb(231, 234, 237); border-radius: 3px; padding: 8px 4px 6px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; width: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">es = Elasticsearch()
result = es.indices.create(index='news')
print(result)</pre>
再次执行就会报错了:
<pre spellcheck="false" class="md-fences md-end-block ty-contain-cm modeLoaded" lang="" cid="n60" mdtype="fences" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: visible; font-family: var(--monospace); font-size: 0.9em; display: block; break-inside: avoid; text-align: left; white-space: normal; background-image: inherit; background-position: inherit; background-size: inherit; background-repeat: inherit; background-attachment: inherit; background-origin: inherit; background-clip: inherit; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248); position: relative !important; border: 1px solid rgb(231, 234, 237); border-radius: 3px; padding: 8px 4px 6px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; width: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">raise HTTP_EXCEPTIONS.get(status_code, TransportError)(status_code, error_message, additional_info)
elasticsearch.exceptions.RequestError: TransportError(400, 'resource_already_exists_exception', 'index [news/QM6yz2W8QE-bflKhc5oThw] already exists')</pre>
这样程序的执行就会出现问题,所以说,我们需要善用 ignore 参数,把一些意外情况排除,这样可以保证程序的正常执行而不会中断。
删除 Index
删除 Index 也是类似的,代码如下:
<pre spellcheck="false" class="md-fences md-end-block ty-contain-cm modeLoaded" lang="" cid="n64" mdtype="fences" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: visible; font-family: var(--monospace); font-size: 0.9em; display: block; break-inside: avoid; text-align: left; white-space: normal; background-image: inherit; background-position: inherit; background-size: inherit; background-repeat: inherit; background-attachment: inherit; background-origin: inherit; background-clip: inherit; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248); position: relative !important; border: 1px solid rgb(231, 234, 237); border-radius: 3px; padding: 8px 4px 6px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; width: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">from elasticsearch import Elasticsearch
es = Elasticsearch()
result = es.indices.delete(index='news', ignore=[400, 404])
print(result)</pre>
这里也是使用了 ignore 参数,来忽略 Index 不存在而删除失败导致程序中断的问题。
如果删除成功,会输出如下结果:
<pre spellcheck="false" class="md-fences md-end-block ty-contain-cm modeLoaded" lang="" cid="n67" mdtype="fences" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: visible; font-family: var(--monospace); font-size: 0.9em; display: block; break-inside: avoid; text-align: left; white-space: normal; background-image: inherit; background-position: inherit; background-size: inherit; background-repeat: inherit; background-attachment: inherit; background-origin: inherit; background-clip: inherit; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248); position: relative !important; border: 1px solid rgb(231, 234, 237); border-radius: 3px; padding: 8px 4px 6px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; width: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">{'acknowledged': True}</pre>
如果 Index 已经被删除,再执行删除则会输出如下结果:
<pre spellcheck="false" class="md-fences md-end-block ty-contain-cm modeLoaded" lang="" cid="n69" mdtype="fences" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: visible; font-family: var(--monospace); font-size: 0.9em; display: block; break-inside: avoid; text-align: left; white-space: normal; background-image: inherit; background-position: inherit; background-size: inherit; background-repeat: inherit; background-attachment: inherit; background-origin: inherit; background-clip: inherit; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248); position: relative !important; border: 1px solid rgb(231, 234, 237); border-radius: 3px; padding: 8px 4px 6px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; width: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">{'error': {'root_cause': [{'type': 'index_not_found_exception', 'reason': 'no such index', 'resource.type': 'index_or_alias', 'resource.id': 'news', 'index_uuid': 'na', 'index': 'news'}], 'type': 'index_not_found_exception', 'reason': 'no such index', 'resource.type': 'index_or_alias', 'resource.id': 'news', 'index_uuid': 'na', 'index': 'news'}, 'status': 404}</pre>
这个结果表明当前 Index 不存在,删除失败,返回的结果同样是 JSON,状态码是 400,但是由于我们添加了 ignore 参数,忽略了 400 状态码,因此程序正常执行输出 JSON 结果,而不是抛出异常。
插入数据
Elasticsearch 就像 MongoDB 一样,在插入数据的时候可以直接插入结构化字典数据,插入数据可以调用 create() 方法,例如这里我们插入一条新闻数据:
<pre spellcheck="false" class="md-fences md-end-block ty-contain-cm modeLoaded" lang="python" cid="n73" mdtype="fences" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: visible; font-family: var(--monospace); font-size: 0.9em; display: block; break-inside: avoid; text-align: left; white-space: normal; background-image: inherit; background-position: inherit; background-size: inherit; background-repeat: inherit; background-attachment: inherit; background-origin: inherit; background-clip: inherit; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248); position: relative !important; border: 1px solid rgb(231, 234, 237); border-radius: 3px; padding: 8px 4px 6px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; width: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">from elasticsearch import Elasticsearch
es = Elasticsearch()
es.indices.create(index='news', ignore=400)
data = {'title': '美国留给伊拉克的是个烂摊子吗', 'url': 'http://view.news.qq.com/zt2011/usa_iraq/index.htm'}
result = es.create(index='news', doc_type='politics', id=1, body=data)
print(result)</pre>
这里我们首先声明了一条新闻数据,包括标题和链接,然后通过调用 create() 方法插入了这条数据,在调用 create() 方法时,我们传入了四个参数,index 参数代表了索引名称,doc_type 代表了文档类型,body 则代表了文档具体内容,id 则是数据的唯一标识 ID。
运行结果如下:
<pre spellcheck="false" class="md-fences md-end-block ty-contain-cm modeLoaded" lang="" cid="n76" mdtype="fences" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: visible; font-family: var(--monospace); font-size: 0.9em; display: block; break-inside: avoid; text-align: left; white-space: normal; background-image: inherit; background-position: inherit; background-size: inherit; background-repeat: inherit; background-attachment: inherit; background-origin: inherit; background-clip: inherit; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248); position: relative !important; border: 1px solid rgb(231, 234, 237); border-radius: 3px; padding: 8px 4px 6px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; width: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">{'_index': 'news', '_type': 'politics', '_id': '1', '_version': 1, 'result': 'created', '_shards': {'total': 2, 'successful': 1, 'failed': 0}, '_seq_no': 0, '_primary_term': 1}</pre>
结果中 result 字段为 created,代表该数据插入成功。
另外其实我们也可以使用 index() 方法来插入数据,但与 create() 不同的是,create() 方法需要我们指定 id 字段来唯一标识该条数据,而 index() 方法则不需要,如果不指定 id,会自动生成一个 id,调用 index() 方法的写法如下:
<pre spellcheck="false" class="md-fences md-end-block ty-contain-cm modeLoaded" lang="" cid="n79" mdtype="fences" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: visible; font-family: var(--monospace); font-size: 0.9em; display: block; break-inside: avoid; text-align: left; white-space: normal; background-image: inherit; background-position: inherit; background-size: inherit; background-repeat: inherit; background-attachment: inherit; background-origin: inherit; background-clip: inherit; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248); position: relative !important; border: 1px solid rgb(231, 234, 237); border-radius: 3px; padding: 8px 4px 6px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; width: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">es.index(index='news', doc_type='politics', body=data)</pre>
create() 方法内部其实也是调用了 index() 方法,是对 index() 方法的封装。
更新数据
更新数据也非常简单,我们同样需要指定数据的 id 和内容,调用 update() 方法即可,代码如下:
<pre spellcheck="false" class="md-fences md-end-block ty-contain-cm modeLoaded" lang="" cid="n83" mdtype="fences" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: visible; font-family: var(--monospace); font-size: 0.9em; display: block; break-inside: avoid; text-align: left; white-space: normal; background-image: inherit; background-position: inherit; background-size: inherit; background-repeat: inherit; background-attachment: inherit; background-origin: inherit; background-clip: inherit; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248); position: relative !important; border: 1px solid rgb(231, 234, 237); border-radius: 3px; padding: 8px 4px 6px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; width: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">from elasticsearch import Elasticsearch
es = Elasticsearch()
data = {
'title': '美国留给伊拉克的是个烂摊子吗',
'url': 'http://view.news.qq.com/zt2011/usa_iraq/index.htm',
'date': '2011-12-16'
}
result = es.update(index='news', doc_type='politics', body=data, id=1)
print(result)</pre>
这里我们为数据增加了一个日期字段,然后调用了 update() 方法,结果如下:
<pre spellcheck="false" class="md-fences mock-cm md-end-block" lang="" cid="n85" mdtype="fences" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: visible; font-family: var(--monospace); font-size: 0.9em; display: block; break-inside: avoid; text-align: left; white-space: pre-wrap; background-image: inherit; background-position: inherit; background-size: inherit; background-repeat: inherit; background-attachment: inherit; background-origin: inherit; background-clip: inherit; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248); position: relative !important; border: 1px solid rgb(231, 234, 237); border-radius: 3px; padding: 8px 4px 6px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; width: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">
{{'_index': 'news', '_type': 'politics', '_id': '1', '_version': 2, 'result': 'updated', '_shards': {'total': 2, 'successful': 1, 'failed': 0}, '_seq_no': 1, '_primary_term': 1}</pre>
可以看到返回结果中,result 字段为 updated,即表示更新成功,另外我们还注意到有一个字段 _version,这代表更新后的版本号数,2 代表这是第二个版本,因为之前已经插入过一次数据,所以第一次插入的数据是版本 1,可以参见上例的运行结果,这次更新之后版本号就变成了 2,以后每更新一次,版本号都会加 1。
另外更新操作其实利用 index() 方法同样可以做到,写法如下:
<pre spellcheck="false" class="md-fences mock-cm md-end-block" lang="" cid="n88" mdtype="fences" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: visible; font-family: var(--monospace); font-size: 0.9em; display: block; break-inside: avoid; text-align: left; white-space: pre-wrap; background-image: inherit; background-position: inherit; background-size: inherit; background-repeat: inherit; background-attachment: inherit; background-origin: inherit; background-clip: inherit; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248); position: relative !important; border: 1px solid rgb(231, 234, 237); border-radius: 3px; padding: 8px 4px 6px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; width: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">es.index(index='news', doc_type='politics', body=data, id=1)</pre>
可以看到,index() 方法可以代替我们完成两个操作,如果数据不存在,那就执行插入操作,如果已经存在,那就执行更新操作,非常方便。
删除数据
如果想删除一条数据可以调用 delete() 方法,指定需要删除的数据 id 即可,写法如下:
<pre spellcheck="false" class="md-fences mock-cm md-end-block" lang="" cid="n92" mdtype="fences" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: visible; font-family: var(--monospace); font-size: 0.9em; display: block; break-inside: avoid; text-align: left; white-space: pre-wrap; background-image: inherit; background-position: inherit; background-size: inherit; background-repeat: inherit; background-attachment: inherit; background-origin: inherit; background-clip: inherit; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248); position: relative !important; border: 1px solid rgb(231, 234, 237); border-radius: 3px; padding: 8px 4px 6px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; width: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">from elasticsearch import Elasticsearch
es = Elasticsearch()
result = es.delete(index='news', doc_type='politics', id=1)
print(result)</pre>
运行结果如下:
<pre spellcheck="false" class="md-fences mock-cm md-end-block" lang="" cid="n94" mdtype="fences" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: visible; font-family: var(--monospace); font-size: 0.9em; display: block; break-inside: avoid; text-align: left; white-space: pre-wrap; background-image: inherit; background-position: inherit; background-size: inherit; background-repeat: inherit; background-attachment: inherit; background-origin: inherit; background-clip: inherit; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248); position: relative !important; border: 1px solid rgb(231, 234, 237); border-radius: 3px; padding: 8px 4px 6px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; width: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">{'_index': 'news', '_type': 'politics', '_id': '1', '_version': 3, 'result': 'deleted', '_shards': {'total': 2, 'successful': 1, 'failed': 0}, '_seq_no': 2, '_primary_term': 1}</pre>
可以看到运行结果中 result 字段为 deleted,代表删除成功,_version 变成了 3,又增加了 1。
查询数据
上面的几个操作都是非常简单的操作,普通的数据库如 MongoDB 都是可以完成的,看起来并没有什么了不起的,Elasticsearch 更特殊的地方在于其异常强大的检索功能。
对于中文来说,我们需要安装一个分词插件,这里使用的是 elasticsearch-analysis-ik,GitHub 链接为:https://github.com/medcl/elasticsearch-analysis-ik,这里我们使用 Elasticsearch 的另一个命令行工具 elasticsearch-plugin 来安装,这里安装的版本是 6.2.4,请确保和 Elasticsearch 的版本对应起来,命令如下:
<pre spellcheck="false" class="md-fences mock-cm md-end-block" lang="" cid="n99" mdtype="fences" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: visible; font-family: var(--monospace); font-size: 0.9em; display: block; break-inside: avoid; text-align: left; white-space: pre-wrap; background-image: inherit; background-position: inherit; background-size: inherit; background-repeat: inherit; background-attachment: inherit; background-origin: inherit; background-clip: inherit; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248); position: relative !important; border: 1px solid rgb(231, 234, 237); border-radius: 3px; padding: 8px 4px 6px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; width: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">elasticsearche -plugin install https://github.com/medcl/elasticsearch-analysis-ik/releases/download/v6.2.4/elasticsearch-analysis-ik-6.2.4.zip</pre>
这里的版本号请替换成你的 Elasticsearch 的版本号。
安装之后重新启动 Elasticsearch 就可以了,它会自动加载安装好的插件。
首先我们新建一个索引并指定需要分词的字段,代码如下:
<pre spellcheck="false" class="md-fences mock-cm md-end-block" lang="" cid="n103" mdtype="fences" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: visible; font-family: var(--monospace); font-size: 0.9em; display: block; break-inside: avoid; text-align: left; white-space: pre-wrap; background-image: inherit; background-position: inherit; background-size: inherit; background-repeat: inherit; background-attachment: inherit; background-origin: inherit; background-clip: inherit; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248); position: relative !important; border: 1px solid rgb(231, 234, 237); border-radius: 3px; padding: 8px 4px 6px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; width: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">from elasticsearch import Elasticsearch
es = Elasticsearch()
mapping = {
'properties': {
'title': {
'type': 'text',
'analyzer': 'ik_max_word',
'search_analyzer': 'ik_max_word'
}
}
}
es.indices.delete(index='news', ignore=[400, 404])
es.indices.create(index='news', ignore=400)
result = es.indices.put_mapping(index='news', doc_type='politics', body=mapping)
print(result)</pre>
这里我们先将之前的索引删除了,然后新建了一个索引,然后更新了它的 mapping 信息,mapping 信息中指定了分词的字段,指定了字段的类型 type 为 text,分词器 analyzer 和 搜索分词器 search_analyzer 为 ik_max_word,即使用我们刚才安装的中文分词插件。如果不指定的话则使用默认的英文分词器。
接下来我们插入几条新的数据:
<pre spellcheck="false" class="md-fences mock-cm md-end-block" lang="" cid="n106" mdtype="fences" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: visible; font-family: var(--monospace); font-size: 0.9em; display: block; break-inside: avoid; text-align: left; white-space: pre-wrap; background-image: inherit; background-position: inherit; background-size: inherit; background-repeat: inherit; background-attachment: inherit; background-origin: inherit; background-clip: inherit; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248); position: relative !important; border: 1px solid rgb(231, 234, 237); border-radius: 3px; padding: 8px 4px 6px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; width: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">datas = [
{
'title': '美国留给伊拉克的是个烂摊子吗',
'url': 'http://view.news.qq.com/zt2011/usa_iraq/index.htm',
'date': '2011-12-16'
},
{
'title': '公安部:各地校车将享最高路权',
'url': 'http://www.chinanews.com/gn/2011/12-16/3536077.shtml',
'date': '2011-12-16'
},
{
'title': '中韩渔警冲突调查:韩警平均每天扣1艘中国渔船',
'url': 'https://news.qq.com/a/20111216/001044.htm',
'date': '2011-12-17'
},
{
'title': '中国驻洛杉矶领事馆遭亚裔男子枪击 嫌犯已自首',
'url': 'http://news.ifeng.com/world/detail_2011_12/16/11372558_0.shtml',
'date': '2011-12-18'
}
]
for data in datas:
es.index(index='news', doc_type='politics', body=data)</pre>
这里我们指定了四条数据,都带有 title、url、date 字段,然后通过 index() 方法将其插入 Elasticsearch 中,索引名称为 news,类型为 politics。
接下来我们根据关键词查询一下相关内容:
<pre spellcheck="false" class="md-fences mock-cm md-end-block" lang="" cid="n109" mdtype="fences" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: visible; font-family: var(--monospace); font-size: 0.9em; display: block; break-inside: avoid; text-align: left; white-space: pre-wrap; background-image: inherit; background-position: inherit; background-size: inherit; background-repeat: inherit; background-attachment: inherit; background-origin: inherit; background-clip: inherit; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248); position: relative !important; border: 1px solid rgb(231, 234, 237); border-radius: 3px; padding: 8px 4px 6px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; width: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">result = es.search(index='news', doc_type='politics')
print(result)</pre>
可以看到查询出了所有插入的四条数据:
<pre spellcheck="false" class="md-fences mock-cm md-end-block" lang="" cid="n111" mdtype="fences" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: visible; font-family: var(--monospace); font-size: 0.9em; display: block; break-inside: avoid; text-align: left; white-space: pre-wrap; background-image: inherit; background-position: inherit; background-size: inherit; background-repeat: inherit; background-attachment: inherit; background-origin: inherit; background-clip: inherit; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248); position: relative !important; border: 1px solid rgb(231, 234, 237); border-radius: 3px; padding: 8px 4px 6px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; width: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">{
"took": 0,
"timed_out": false,
"_shards": {
"total": 5,
"successful": 5,
"skipped": 0,
"failed": 0
},
"hits": {
"total": 4,
"max_score": 1.0,
"hits": [
{
"_index": "news",
"_type": "politics",
"_id": "c05G9mQBD9BuE5fdHOUT",
"_score": 1.0,
"_source": {
"title": "美国留给伊拉克的是个烂摊子吗",
"url": "http://view.news.qq.com/zt2011/usa_iraq/index.htm",
"date": "2011-12-16"
}
},
{
"_index": "news",
"_type": "politics",
"_id": "dk5G9mQBD9BuE5fdHOUm",
"_score": 1.0,
"_source": {
"title": "中国驻洛杉矶领事馆遭亚裔男子枪击,嫌犯已自首",
"url": "http://news.ifeng.com/world/detail_2011_12/16/11372558_0.shtml",
"date": "2011-12-18"
}
},
{
"_index": "news",
"_type": "politics",
"_id": "dU5G9mQBD9BuE5fdHOUj",
"_score": 1.0,
"_source": {
"title": "中韩渔警冲突调查:韩警平均每天扣1艘中国渔船",
"url": "https://news.qq.com/a/20111216/001044.htm",
"date": "2011-12-17"
}
},
{
"_index": "news",
"_type": "politics",
"_id": "dE5G9mQBD9BuE5fdHOUf",
"_score": 1.0,
"_source": {
"title": "公安部:各地校车将享最高路权",
"url": "http://www.chinanews.com/gn/2011/12-16/3536077.shtml",
"date": "2011-12-16"
}
}
{
"took": 0,
"timed_out": false,
"_shards": {
"total": 5,
"successful": 5,
"skipped": 0,
"failed": 0
},
"hits": {
"total": 4,
"max_score": 1.0,
"hits": [
{
"_index": "news",
"_type": "politics",
"_id": "c05G9mQBD9BuE5fdHOUT",
"_score": 1.0,
"_source": {
"title": "美国留给伊拉克的是个烂摊子吗",
"url": "http://view.news.qq.com/zt2011/usa_iraq/index.htm",
"date": "2011-12-16"
}
},
{
"_index": "news",
"_type": "politics",
"_id": "dk5G9mQBD9BuE5fdHOUm",
"_score": 1.0,
"_source": {
"title": "中国驻洛杉矶领事馆遭亚裔男子枪击,嫌犯已自首",
"url": "http://news.ifeng.com/world/detail_2011_12/16/11372558_0.shtml",
"date": "2011-12-18"
}
},
{
"_index": "news",
"_type": "politics",
"_id": "dU5G9mQBD9BuE5fdHOUj",
"_score": 1.0,
"_source": {
"title": "中韩渔警冲突调查:韩警平均每天扣1艘中国渔船",
"url": "https://news.qq.com/a/20111216/001044.htm",
"date": "2011-12-17"
}
},
{
"_index": "news",
"_type": "politics",
"_id": "dE5G9mQBD9BuE5fdHOUf",
"_score": 1.0,
"_source": {
"title": "公安部:各地校车将享最高路权",
"url": "http://www.chinanews.com/gn/2011/12-16/3536077.shtml",
"date": "2011-12-16"
}
}
]
}
} ]
}
}</pre>
可以看到返回结果会出现在 hits 字段里面,然后其中有 total 字段标明了查询的结果条目数,还有 max_score 代表了最大匹配分数。
另外我们还可以进行全文检索,这才是体现 Elasticsearch 搜索引擎特性的地方:
<pre spellcheck="false" class="md-fences mock-cm md-end-block" lang="" cid="n114" mdtype="fences" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: visible; font-family: var(--monospace); font-size: 0.9em; display: block; break-inside: avoid; text-align: left; white-space: pre-wrap; background-image: inherit; background-position: inherit; background-size: inherit; background-repeat: inherit; background-attachment: inherit; background-origin: inherit; background-clip: inherit; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248); position: relative !important; border: 1px solid rgb(231, 234, 237); border-radius: 3px; padding: 8px 4px 6px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; width: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">dsl = {
'query': {
'match': {
'title': '中国 领事馆'
}
}
}
es = Elasticsearch()
result = es.search(index='news', doc_type='politics', body=dsl)
print(json.dumps(result, indent=2, ensure_ascii=False))</pre>
这里我们使用 Elasticsearch 支持的 DSL 语句来进行查询,使用 match 指定全文检索,检索的字段是 title,内容是“中国领事馆”,搜索结果如下:
<pre spellcheck="false" class="md-fences mock-cm md-end-block" lang="" cid="n116" mdtype="fences" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: visible; font-family: var(--monospace); font-size: 0.9em; display: block; break-inside: avoid; text-align: left; white-space: pre-wrap; background-image: inherit; background-position: inherit; background-size: inherit; background-repeat: inherit; background-attachment: inherit; background-origin: inherit; background-clip: inherit; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248); position: relative !important; border: 1px solid rgb(231, 234, 237); border-radius: 3px; padding: 8px 4px 6px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; width: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">{
"took": 1,
"timed_out": false,
"_shards": {
"total": 5,
"successful": 5,
"skipped": 0,
"failed": 0
},
"hits": {
"total": 2,
"max_score": 2.546152,
"hits": [
{
"_index": "news",
"_type": "politics",
"_id": "dk5G9mQBD9BuE5fdHOUm",
"_score": 2.546152,
"_source": {
"title": "中国驻洛杉矶领事馆遭亚裔男子枪击,嫌犯已自首",
"url": "http://news.ifeng.com/world/detail_2011_12/16/11372558_0.shtml",
"date": "2011-12-18"
}
},
{
"_index": "news",
"_type": "politics",
"_id": "dU5G9mQBD9BuE5fdHOUj",
"_score": 0.2876821,
"_source": {
"title": "中韩渔警冲突调查:韩警平均每天扣1艘中国渔船",
"url": "https://news.qq.com/a/20111216/001044.htm",
"date": "2011-12-17"
}
}
]
}
}</pre>
这里我们看到匹配的结果有两条,第一条的分数为 2.54,第二条的分数为 0.28,这是因为第一条匹配的数据中含有“中国”和“领事馆”两个词,第二条匹配的数据中不包含“领事馆”,但是包含了“中国”这个词,所以也被检索出来了,但是分数比较低。
因此可以看出,检索时会对对应的字段全文检索,结果还会按照检索关键词的相关性进行排序,这就是一个基本的搜索引擎雏形。
另外 Elasticsearch 还支持非常多的查询方式,详情可以参考官方文档:https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/elasticsearch/reference/6.3/query-dsl.html
以上便是对 Elasticsearch 的基本介绍以及 Python 操作 Elasticsearch 的基本用法,但这仅仅是 Elasticsearch 的基本功能,它还有更多强大的功能等待着我们的探索,后面会继续更新,敬请期待。
本节代码:https://github.com/Germey/ElasticSearch。
资料推荐 另外推荐几个不错的学习站点:
Elasticsearch 权威指南:https://es.xiaoleilu.com/index.html 全文搜索引擎 Elasticsearch 入门教程:http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/2017/08/elasticsearch.html Elastic 中文社区:https://www.elasticsearch.cn/
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