芯片和ISA指令集

常见 ISA

• CISC
  Complex Instruction Set Computing.
• RISC
  Reduced Instruction Set Computing.
  A common misunderstanding of the phrase "reduced instruction set computer" is the mistaken idea that instructions are simply eliminated, resulting in a smaller set of instructions. In fact, over the years, RISC instruction sets have grown in size, and today many of them have a larger set of instructions than many CISC CPUs.
• Processors that have a RISC architecture typically require fewer transistors than those with a CISC architecture (such as the x86 processors found in most personal computers), which improves cost, power consumption, and heat dissipation.

• The only typical differentiating characteristic is that most RISC designs use uniform instruction length for almost all instructions, and employ strictly separate load/store-instructions.

  
  ISA
• Comparison of instruction set architectures；

简单梳理

• SPARC
  Sun 公司，早期做EMAIL服务时，在 SPARC 机器上运行 Sun Solaris 操作系统。
• MIPS；
  Microprocessor without Interlocked Pipeline Stages.
• MIPS processors are used in embedded systems such as residential gateways and routers.
• MIPS 是模块化结构（modular architecture），支持4个 Coprocessor （协处理器），做浮点计算（floating-point arithmetic）, memory management, and graphics accelerators.
• ARM
  Advanced RISC Machine.

ISA（Instruction Set Architecture）

• ISA：指令集体系架构。
• ISA 位于软件和硬件之间，硬件的功能通过ISA提供出来，软件通过ISA规定的指令使用硬件。

CSAPP（Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective）

• Author(s): Randal E. Bryant, David R. O'Hallaron
• Publisher: Pearson, Year: 2015

• 值得好好读

  
  了解一下内存模型
• Computerhope 是个不错的网站；
• TOP 500 wikipedia；
• TOP 500 org；
  Share of processor architecture families in TOP500 supercomputers by time trend