Block的精讲

作者: iYeso | 来源:发表于2016-07-24 01:40 被阅读38次

    一: iOS Block的基本概念

    1.1 概述

    代码块Block是苹果在iOS4开始引入的对C语言的扩展,用来实现匿名函数的特性,Block是一种特殊的数据类型,其可以正常定义变量、作为参数、作为返回值,特殊地,Block还可以保存一段代码,在需要的时候调用,目前Block已经广泛应用于iOS开发中,常用于 GCD、动画、排序及各类回调

    Block的声明与赋值只是保存了一段代码段,必须调用才能执行内部代码

    1.2: Block变量的声明、赋值与调用

    #######1.2.1: Block变量的声明

    Block变量的声明格式为: 返回值类型(^Block名字)(参数列表);
    
    // 声明一个无返回值,参数为两个字符串对象,叫做aBlock的Block
    void(^aBlock)(NSString *x, NSString *y);
    
    // 形参变量名称可以省略,只留有变量类型即可
    void(^aBlock)(NSString *, NSString *);
    

    注: ^被称作"脱字符"

    #######1.2.2: Block变量的赋值

    Block变量的赋值格式为: Block变量 = ^(参数列表){函数体};
    
    aBlock = ^(NSString *x, NSString *y){
        NSLog(@"%@ love %@", x, y);
    };
    

    注: Block变量的赋值格式可以是: Block变量 = ^返回值类型(参数列表){函数体};,不过通常情况下都将返回值类型省略,因为编译器可以从存储代码块的变量中确定返回值的类型

    #######1.2.3: 声明Block变量的同时进行赋值

    int(^myBlock)(int) = ^(int num){
        return num * 7;
    };
    
    // 如果没有参数列表,在赋值时参数列表可以省略
    void(^aVoidBlock)() = ^{
        NSLog(@"I am a aVoidBlock");
    };
    

    #######1.2.4: Block变量的调用

    // 调用后控制台输出"Li Lei love Han Meimei"
    aBlock(@"Li Lei",@"Han Meimei");
    
    // 调用后控制台输出"result = 63"
    NSLog(@"result = %d", myBlock(9));
    
    // 调用后控制台输出"I am a aVoidBlock"
    aVoidBlock();
    
    1.3: 使用typedef定义Block类型

    在实际使用Block的过程中,我们可能需要重复地声明多个相同返回值相同参数列表的Block变量,如果总是重复地编写一长串代码来声明变量会非常繁琐,所以我们可以使用typedef来定义Block类型

    // 定义一种无返回值无参数列表的Block类型
    typedef void(^SayHello)();
    
    // 我们可以像OC中声明变量一样使用Block类型SayHello来声明变量
    SayHello hello = ^(){
        NSLog(@"hello");
    };
    
    // 调用后控制台输出"hello"
    hello();
    
    1.4: Block作为函数参数

    #######1.4.1: Block作为C函数参数

    // 1.定义一个形参为Block的C函数
    void useBlockForC(int(^aBlock)(int, int))
    {
        NSLog(@"result = %d", aBlock(300,200));
    }
    
    // 2.声明并赋值定义一个Block变量
    int(^addBlock)(int, int) = ^(int x, int y){
        return x+y;
    };
    
    // 3.以Block作为函数参数,把Block像对象一样传递
    useBlockForC(addBlock);
    
    // 将第2点和第3点合并一起,以内联定义的Block作为函数参数
    useBlockForC(^(int x, int y) {
        return x+y;
    });
    

    #######1.4.2: Block作为OC函数参数

    // 1.定义一个形参为Block的OC函数
    - (void)useBlockForOC:(int(^)(int, int))aBlock
    {
        NSLog(@"result = %d", aBlock(300,200));
    }
    
    // 2.声明并赋值定义一个Block变量
    int(^addBlock)(int, int) = ^(int x, int y){
        return x+y;
    };
    
    // 3.以Block作为函数参数,把Block像对象一样传递
    [self useBlockForOC:addBlock];
    
    // 将第2点和第3点合并一起,以内联定义的Block作为函数参数
    [self useBlockForOC:^(int x, int y){
        return x+y;
    }];
    

    #######1.4.3: 使用typedef简化Block

    // 1.使用typedef定义Block类型
    typedef int(^MyBlock)(int, int);
    
    // 2.定义一个形参为Block的OC函数
    - (void)useBlockForOC:(MyBlock)aBlock
    {
        NSLog(@"result = %d", aBlock(300,200));
    }
    
    // 3.声明并赋值定义一个Block变量
    MyBlock addBlock = ^(int x, int y){
        return x+y;
    };
    
    // 4.以Block作为函数参数,把Block像对象一样传递
    [self useBlockForOC:addBlock];
    
    // 将第3点和第4点合并一起,以内联定义的Block作为函数参数
    [self useBlockForOC:^(int x, int y){
        return x+y;
    }];
    

    二:iOS Block内访问局部变量

    2.1: Block内 访问局部变量

    #######2.1.1 Block内 访问局部变量

    #import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
    
    int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {
      @autoreleasepool {
        NSInteger num = 100;
        void (^myBlock)(NSString *) = ^(NSString * str){
          NSLog(@"myBlock: %@--%zd", str, num);
        };
        myBlock(@"block的调用");
    
      }
      return 0;
    }
    
    
    
    输出:
    Block的精讲[12769:252530] myBlock: block的调用--100
    

    #######2.1.2: Block内访问局部变量, 在声明Block之后、调用Block之前对局部变量进行修改,在调用Block时局部变量值是修改之前的旧值

    #import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
    
    int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {
      @autoreleasepool {
        NSInteger num = 100;
        void (^myBlock)(NSString *) = ^(NSString * str){
          NSLog(@"myBlock: %@--%zd", str, num);
        };
        num = 200;
        myBlock(@"block的调用");
        NSLog(@"最后面的展示: %zd", num);
    
      }
      return 0;
    }
    
    
    
    输出
    Block的精讲[12820:253228] myBlock: block的调用--100
    Block的精讲[12820:253228] 最后面的展示: 200
    

    #######2.1.3: Block内访问局部变量, 在Block中不可以直接修改局部变量

    不可以直接修改局部变量

    #import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
    
    int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {
      @autoreleasepool {
        NSInteger num = 100;
        void (^myBlock)(NSString *) = ^(NSString * str){
          num = 99; // 错误错误错误!!!!
          NSLog(@"myBlock: %@--%zd", str, num);
        };
        num = 200;
        myBlock(@"block的调用");
        NSLog(@"最后面的展示: %zd", num);
    
      }
      return 0;
    }
    
    2.1.4: 讲OC转化为C++

    原理解析,通过clang命令将OC转为C++代码来查看一下Block底层实现,clang命令使用方式为终端使用cd定位到main.m文件所在文件夹,然后利用clang -rewrite-objc main.m将OC转为C++,成功后在main.m同目录下会生成一个main.cpp文件

    OC代码如下

    #import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
    
    int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {
      @autoreleasepool {
    
        NSInteger num = 100;
        void (^myBlock)() = ^{
          NSLog(@"myBlock: %zd", num);
        };
        myBlock();
    
      }
      return 0;
    }
    

    贴出重点的C++的代码

    struct __main_block_impl_0 {
      struct __block_impl impl;
      struct __main_block_desc_0* Desc;
      NSInteger num;
      __main_block_impl_0(void *fp, struct __main_block_desc_0 *desc, NSInteger _num, int flags=0) : num(_num) {
        impl.isa = &_NSConcreteStackBlock;
        impl.Flags = flags;
        impl.FuncPtr = fp;
        Desc = desc;
      }
    };
    static void __main_block_func_0(struct __main_block_impl_0 *__cself) {
      NSInteger num = __cself->num; // bound by copy
    
          NSLog((NSString *)&__NSConstantStringImpl__var_folders_wn_z9c5vw_x6h16tszlbnmscg_80000gn_T_main_38e38f_mi_0, num);
        }
    
    static struct __main_block_desc_0 {
      size_t reserved;
      size_t Block_size;
    } __main_block_desc_0_DATA = { 0, sizeof(struct __main_block_impl_0)};
    int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {
      /* @autoreleasepool */ { __AtAutoreleasePool __autoreleasepool; 
    
        NSInteger num = 100;
        void (*myBlock)() = ((void (*)())&__main_block_impl_0((void *)__main_block_func_0, &__main_block_desc_0_DATA, num));
        ((void (*)(__block_impl *))((__block_impl *)myBlock)->FuncPtr)((__block_impl *)myBlock);
    
      }
      return 0;
    }
    static struct IMAGE_INFO { unsigned version; unsigned flag; } _OBJC_IMAGE_INFO = { 0, 2 };
    
    2.2: Block内访问__block修饰的局部变量
    • 1: 在局部变量前使用下划线下划线block修饰,在声明Block之后、调用Block之前对局部变量进行修改,在调用Block时局部变量值是修改之后的新值
    #import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
    
    int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {
      @autoreleasepool {
    
        __block  NSInteger num = 100;
        void (^myBlock)() = ^{
          NSLog(@"myBlock: %zd", num);
        };
        num = 2000;
        myBlock();
    
      }
      return 0;
    }
    
    
    
    输出:
    Block的精讲[13402:269954] myBlock: 2000
    
    • 2: 在局部变量前使用下划线下划线block修饰,在Block中可以直接修改局部变量
    #import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
    
    int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {
      @autoreleasepool {
    
        __block  NSInteger num = 100;
        void (^myBlock)() = ^{
          num = 2000;
          NSLog(@"myBlock: %zd", num);
        };
        myBlock();
    
      }
      return 0;
    }
    
    
    输出:
    Block的精讲[13462:271431] myBlock: 2000
    
    • 3: 原理解析,通过clang命令将OC转为C++代码来查看一下Block底层实现

    OC的代码

    #import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
    
    int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {
      @autoreleasepool {
    
        __block  NSInteger num = 100;
        void (^myBlock)() = ^{
          num = 2000;
          NSLog(@"myBlock: %zd", num);
        };
        myBlock();
    
      }
      return 0;
    }
    

    OC的代码转化成C++代码

    struct __Block_byref_num_0 {
      void *__isa;
    __Block_byref_num_0 *__forwarding;
     int __flags;
     int __size;
     NSInteger num;
    };
    
    struct __main_block_impl_0 {
      struct __block_impl impl;
      struct __main_block_desc_0* Desc;
      __Block_byref_num_0 *num; // by ref
      __main_block_impl_0(void *fp, struct __main_block_desc_0 *desc, __Block_byref_num_0 *_num, int flags=0) : num(_num->__forwarding) {
        impl.isa = &_NSConcreteStackBlock;
        impl.Flags = flags;
        impl.FuncPtr = fp;
        Desc = desc;
      }
    };
    static void __main_block_func_0(struct __main_block_impl_0 *__cself) {
      __Block_byref_num_0 *num = __cself->num; // bound by ref
    
          (num->__forwarding->num) = 2000;
          NSLog((NSString *)&__NSConstantStringImpl__var_folders_wn_z9c5vw_x6h16tszlbnmscg_80000gn_T_main_653825_mi_0, (num->__forwarding->num));
        }
    static void __main_block_copy_0(struct __main_block_impl_0*dst, struct __main_block_impl_0*src) {_Block_object_assign((void*)&dst->num, (void*)src->num, 8/*BLOCK_FIELD_IS_BYREF*/);}
    
    static void __main_block_dispose_0(struct __main_block_impl_0*src) {_Block_object_dispose((void*)src->num, 8/*BLOCK_FIELD_IS_BYREF*/);}
    
    static struct __main_block_desc_0 {
      size_t reserved;
      size_t Block_size;
      void (*copy)(struct __main_block_impl_0*, struct __main_block_impl_0*);
      void (*dispose)(struct __main_block_impl_0*);
    } __main_block_desc_0_DATA = { 0, sizeof(struct __main_block_impl_0), __main_block_copy_0, __main_block_dispose_0};
    int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {
      /* @autoreleasepool */ { __AtAutoreleasePool __autoreleasepool; 
    
        __attribute__((__blocks__(byref))) __Block_byref_num_0 num = {(void*)0,(__Block_byref_num_0 *)&num, 0, sizeof(__Block_byref_num_0), 100};
        void (*myBlock)() = ((void (*)())&__main_block_impl_0((void *)__main_block_func_0, &__main_block_desc_0_DATA, (__Block_byref_num_0 *)&num, 570425344));
        ((void (*)(__block_impl *))((__block_impl *)myBlock)->FuncPtr)((__block_impl *)myBlock);
    
      }
      return 0;
    }
    
    
    2.3: Block内访问全局变量
    • 1: 在Block中可以访问全局变量
    #import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
    
    NSInteger num = 100;
    
    int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {
      @autoreleasepool {
    
        void (^myBlock)() = ^{
          NSLog(@"myBlock: %zd", num);
        };
        myBlock();
    
      }
      return 0;
    }
    
    输出:
    Block的精讲[13614:275299] myBlock: 100
    
    • 2: 在声明Block之后、调用Block之前对全局变量进行修改,在调用Block时全局变量值是修改之后的新值
    #import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
    
    NSInteger num = 100;
    
    int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {
      @autoreleasepool {
    
        void (^myBlock)() = ^{
          NSLog(@"myBlock: %zd", num);
        };
        num = 1000;
        myBlock();
    
      }
      return 0;
    }
    
    
    输出:
    Block的精讲[13673:276148] myBlock: 1000
    
    • 3: 在Block中可以直接修改全局变量
    #import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
    
    NSInteger num = 100;
    
    int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {
      @autoreleasepool {
    
        void (^myBlock)() = ^{
          num = 1000;
          NSLog(@"myBlock: %zd", num);
        };
        myBlock();
    
      }
      return 0;
    }
    
    
    输出:
    Block的精讲[13778:280593] myBlock: 1000
    
    • 4: 通过clang命令将OC转为C++代码来查看一下Block底层实现

    OC代码

    #import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
    
    NSInteger num = 100;
    
    int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {
      @autoreleasepool {
    
        void (^myBlock)() = ^{
          num = 1000;
          NSLog(@"myBlock: %zd", num);
        };
        myBlock();
    
      }
      return 0;
    }
    

    OC代码转成C++代码

    NSInteger num = 100;
    
    
    struct __main_block_impl_0 {
      struct __block_impl impl;
      struct __main_block_desc_0* Desc;
      __main_block_impl_0(void *fp, struct __main_block_desc_0 *desc, int flags=0) {
        impl.isa = &_NSConcreteStackBlock;
        impl.Flags = flags;
        impl.FuncPtr = fp;
        Desc = desc;
      }
    };
    static void __main_block_func_0(struct __main_block_impl_0 *__cself) {
    
          num = 1000;
          NSLog((NSString *)&__NSConstantStringImpl__var_folders_wn_z9c5vw_x6h16tszlbnmscg_80000gn_T_main_a2cd47_mi_0, num);
        }
    
    static struct __main_block_desc_0 {
      size_t reserved;
      size_t Block_size;
    } __main_block_desc_0_DATA = { 0, sizeof(struct __main_block_impl_0)};
    int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {
      /* @autoreleasepool */ { __AtAutoreleasePool __autoreleasepool; 
    
        void (*myBlock)() = ((void (*)())&__main_block_impl_0((void *)__main_block_func_0, &__main_block_desc_0_DATA));
        ((void (*)(__block_impl *))((__block_impl *)myBlock)->FuncPtr)((__block_impl *)myBlock);
    
      }
      return 0;
    }
    

    2.4: Block内访问静态变量

    • 1: 在Block中可以访问静态变量
    #import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
    
    int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {
      @autoreleasepool {
    
        static NSInteger num = 100;
        void (^myBlock)() = ^{
          NSLog(@"myBlock: %zd", num);
        };
        myBlock();
      }
      return 0;
    }
    
    
    输出: 
    2017-11-09 18:40:08.794090+0800 Block的精讲[14096:290605] myBlock: 100
    
    
    • 2: 在声明Block之后、调用Block之前对静态变量进行修改,在调用Block时静态变量值是修改之后的新值
    #import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
    
    int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {
      @autoreleasepool {
    
        static NSInteger num = 100;
        void (^myBlock)() = ^{
          NSLog(@"myBlock: %zd", num);
        };
        num = 200;
        myBlock();
      }
      return 0;
    }
    
    
    
    输出:
    Block的精讲[14147:291526] myBlock: 200
    
    • 3: 在Block中可以直接修改静态变量
    
    #import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
    
    int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {
      @autoreleasepool {
    
        static NSInteger num = 100;
        void (^myBlock)() = ^{
          num = 200;
          NSLog(@"myBlock: %zd", num);
        };
        myBlock();
      }
      return 0;
    }
    
    
    输出:
    Block的精讲[14187:292213] myBlock: 200
    
    • 4: 通过clang命令将OC转为C++代码来查看一下Block底层实现

    OC代码

    #import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
    
    int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {
      @autoreleasepool {
    
        static NSInteger num = 100;
        void (^myBlock)() = ^{
          num = 200;
          NSLog(@"myBlock: %zd", num);
        };
        myBlock();
      }
      return 0;
    }
    

    OC代码转化为C++代码

    struct __main_block_impl_0 {
      struct __block_impl impl;
      struct __main_block_desc_0* Desc;
      NSInteger *num;
      __main_block_impl_0(void *fp, struct __main_block_desc_0 *desc, NSInteger *_num, int flags=0) : num(_num) {
        impl.isa = &_NSConcreteStackBlock;
        impl.Flags = flags;
        impl.FuncPtr = fp;
        Desc = desc;
      }
    };
    static void __main_block_func_0(struct __main_block_impl_0 *__cself) {
      NSInteger *num = __cself->num; // bound by copy
    
          (*num) = 200;
          NSLog((NSString *)&__NSConstantStringImpl__var_folders_wn_z9c5vw_x6h16tszlbnmscg_80000gn_T_main_e06332_mi_0, (*num));
        }
    
    static struct __main_block_desc_0 {
      size_t reserved;
      size_t Block_size;
    } __main_block_desc_0_DATA = { 0, sizeof(struct __main_block_impl_0)};
    int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {
      /* @autoreleasepool */ { __AtAutoreleasePool __autoreleasepool; 
    
        static NSInteger num = 100;
        void (*myBlock)() = ((void (*)())&__main_block_impl_0((void *)__main_block_func_0, &__main_block_desc_0_DATA, &num));
        ((void (*)(__block_impl *))((__block_impl *)myBlock)->FuncPtr)((__block_impl *)myBlock);
      }
      return 0;
    }
    

    三: Block在MRC及ARC下的内存管理

    3.1: Block在MRC下的内存管理

    #######3.1.1: 默认情况下,Block的内存存储在栈中,不需要开发人员对其进行内存管理

    // 当Block变量出了作用域,Block的内存会被自动释放
    void(^myBlock)() = ^{
        NSLog(@"------");
    };
    myBlock();
    

    #######3.1.2: 在Block的内存存储在栈中时,如果在Block中引用了外面的对象,不会对所引用的对象进行任何操作

    Person *p = [[Person alloc] init];
    
    void(^myBlock)() = ^{
        NSLog(@"------%@", p);
    };
    myBlock();
    
    [p release]; // Person对象在这里可以正常被释放
    

    #######3.1.3: 如果对Block进行一次copy操作,那么Block的内存会被移动到堆中,这时需要开发人员对其进行release操作来管理内存

    void(^myBlock)() = ^{
        NSLog(@"------");
    };
    myBlock();
    
    Block_copy(myBlock);
    
    // do something ...
    
    Block_release(myBlock);
    

    #######3.1.4: 如果对Block进行一次copy操作,那么Block的内存会被移动到堆中,在Block的内存存储在堆中时,如果在Block中引用了外面的对象,会对所引用的对象进行一次retain操作,即使在Block自身调用了release操作之后,Block也不会对所引用的对象进行一次release操作,这时会造成内存泄漏

    Person *p = [[Person alloc] init];
    
    void(^myBlock)() = ^{
        NSLog(@"------%@", p);
    };
    myBlock();
    
    Block_copy(myBlock);
    
    // do something ...
    
    Block_release(myBlock);
    
    [p release]; // Person对象在这里无法正常被释放,因为其在Block中被进行了一次retain操作
    

    #######3.1.5: 如果对Block进行一次copy操作,那么Block的内存会被移动到堆中,在Block的内存存储在堆中时,如果在Block中引用了外面的对象,会对所引用的对象进行一次retain操作,为了不对所引用的对象进行一次retain操作,可以在对象的前面使用下划线下划线block来修饰

    __block Person *p = [[Person alloc] init];
    
    void(^myBlock)() = ^{
        NSLog(@"------%@", p);
    };
    myBlock();
    
    Block_copy(myBlock);
    
    // do something ...
    
    Block_release(myBlock);
    
    [p release]; // Person对象在这里可以正常被释放
    

    #######3.1.6: 如果对象内部有一个Block属性,而在Block内部又访问了该对象,那么会造成循环引用

    情况一

    @interface Person : NSObject
    
    @property (nonatomic, copy) void(^myBlock)();
    
    @end
    
    
    @implementation Person
    
    - (void)dealloc
    {
        NSLog(@"Person dealloc");
    
        Block_release(_myBlock);
        [super dealloc];
    }
    
    @end
    
    
    Person *p = [[Person alloc] init];
    
    p.myBlock = ^{
        NSLog(@"------%@", p);
    };
    p.myBlock();
    
    [p release]; // 因为myBlock作为Person的属性,采用copy修饰符修饰(这样才能保证Block在堆里面,以免Block在栈中被系统释放),所以Block会对Person对象进行一次retain操作,导致循环引用无法释放
    

    情况二

    @interface Person : NSObject
    
    @property (nonatomic, copy) void(^myBlock)();
    
    - (void)resetBlock;
    
    @end
    
    
    @implementation Person
    
    - (void)resetBlock
    {
        self.myBlock = ^{
            NSLog(@"------%@", self);
        };
    }
    
    - (void)dealloc
    {
        NSLog(@"Person dealloc");
    
        Block_release(_myBlock);
    
        [super dealloc];
    }
    
    @end
    
    
    Person *p = [[Person alloc] init];
    [p resetBlock];
    [p release]; // Person对象在这里无法正常释放,虽然表面看起来一个alloc对应一个release符合内存管理规则,但是实际在resetBlock方法实现中,Block内部对self进行了一次retain操作,导致循环引用无法释放
    

    #######3.1.7: 如果对象内部有一个Block属性,而在Block内部又访问了该对象,那么会造成循环引用,解决循环引用的办法是在对象的前面使用下划线下划线block来修饰,以避免Block对对象进行retain操作

    情况一

    @interface Person : NSObject
    
    @property (nonatomic, copy) void(^myBlock)();
    
    @end
    
    
    @implementation Person
    
    - (void)dealloc
    {
        NSLog(@"Person dealloc");
    
        Block_release(_myBlock);
        [super dealloc];
    }
    
    @end
    
    
    __block Person *p = [[Person alloc] init];
    
    p.myBlock = ^{
        NSLog(@"------%@", p);
    };
    p.myBlock();
    
    [p release]; // Person对象在这里可以正常被释放
    

    情况二

    @interface Person : NSObject
    
    @property (nonatomic, copy) void(^myBlock)();
    
    - (void)resetBlock;
    
    @end
    
    
    @implementation Person
    
    - (void)resetBlock
    {
        // 这里为了通用一点,可以使用__block typeof(self) p = self;
        __block Person *p = self;
        self.myBlock = ^{
            NSLog(@"------%@", p);
        };
    }
    
    - (void)dealloc
    {
        NSLog(@"Person dealloc");
    
        Block_release(_myBlock);
    
        [super dealloc];
    }
    
    @end
    
    
    Person *p = [[Person alloc] init];
    [p resetBlock];
    [p release]; // Person对象在这里可以正常被释放
    
    3.2: Block在ARC下的内存管理

    #######3.2.1: 在ARC默认情况下,Block的内存存储在堆中,ARC会自动进行内存管理,程序员只需要避免循环引用即可

    // 当Block变量出了作用域,Block的内存会被自动释放
    void(^myBlock)() = ^{
        NSLog(@"------");
    };
    myBlock();
    

    #######3.2.2: 在Block的内存存储在堆中时,如果在Block中引用了外面的对象,会对所引用的对象进行强引用,但是在Block被释放时会自动去掉对该对象的强引用,所以不会造成内存泄漏

    Person *p = [[Person alloc] init];
    
    void(^myBlock)() = ^{
        NSLog(@"------%@", p);
    };
    myBlock();
    
    // Person对象在这里可以正常被释放
    

    #######3.2.3: 如果对象内部有一个Block属性,而在Block内部又访问了该对象,那么会造成循环引用
    情况一

    @interface Person : NSObject
    
    @property (nonatomic, copy) void(^myBlock)();
    
    @end
    
    
    @implementation Person
    
    - (void)dealloc
    {
        NSLog(@"Person dealloc");
    }
    
    @end
    
    
    Person *p = [[Person alloc] init];
    
    p.myBlock = ^{
        NSLog(@"------%@", p);
    };
    p.myBlock();
    
    // 因为myBlock作为Person的属性,采用copy修饰符修饰(这样才能保证Block在堆里面,以免Block在栈中被系统释放),所以Block会对Person对象进行一次强引用,导致循环引用无法释放
    

    情况二

    @interface Person : NSObject
    
    @property (nonatomic, copy) void(^myBlock)();
    
    - (void)resetBlock;
    
    @end
    
    
    @implementation Person
    
    - (void)resetBlock
    {
        self.myBlock = ^{
            NSLog(@"------%@", self);
        };
    }
    
    - (void)dealloc
    {
        NSLog(@"Person dealloc");
    }
    
    @end
    
    
    Person *p = [[Person alloc] init];
    [p resetBlock];
    
    // Person对象在这里无法正常释放,在resetBlock方法实现中,Block内部对self进行了一次强引用,导致循环引用无法释放
    

    #######3.2.4: 如果对象内部有一个Block属性,而在Block内部又访问了该对象,那么会造成循环引用,解决循环引用的办法是使用一个弱引用的指针指向该对象,然后在Block内部使用该弱引用指针来进行操作,这样避免了Block对对象进行强引用
    情况一

    @interface Person : NSObject
    
    @property (nonatomic, copy) void(^myBlock)();
    
    @end
    
    
    @implementation Person
    
    - (void)dealloc
    {
        NSLog(@"Person dealloc");
    }
    
    @end
    
    
    Person *p = [[Person alloc] init];
    __weak typeof(p) weakP = p;
    
    p.myBlock = ^{
        NSLog(@"------%@", weakP);
    };
    p.myBlock();
    
    // Person对象在这里可以正常被释放
    

    情况二

    @interface Person : NSObject
    
    @property (nonatomic, copy) void(^myBlock)();
    
    - (void)resetBlock;
    
    @end
    
    
    @implementation Person
    
    - (void)resetBlock
    {
        // 这里为了通用一点,可以使用__weak typeof(self) weakP = self;
        __weak Person *weakP = self;
        self.myBlock = ^{
            NSLog(@"------%@", weakP);
        };
    }
    
    - (void)dealloc
    {
        NSLog(@"Person dealloc");
    }
    
    @end
    
    
    Person *p = [[Person alloc] init];
    [p resetBlock];
    
    // Person对象在这里可以正常被释放
    
    3.3: Block在ARC下的内存管理的官方案例

    在MRC中,我们从当前控制器采用模态视图方式present进入MyViewController控制器,在Block中会对myViewController进行一次retain操作,造成循环引用

    MyViewController *myController = [[MyViewController alloc] init];
    // ...
    myController.completionHandler =  ^(NSInteger result) {
       [myController dismissViewControllerAnimated:YES completion:nil];
    };
    [self presentViewController:myController animated:YES completion:^{
       [myController release];
    }];
    

    在MRC中解决循环引用的办法即在变量前使用下划线下划线block修饰,禁止Block对所引用的对象进行retain操作

    __block MyViewController *myController = [[MyViewController alloc] init];
    // ...
    myController.completionHandler =  ^(NSInteger result) {
        [myController dismissViewControllerAnimated:YES completion:nil];
    };
    [self presentViewController:myController animated:YES completion:^{
       [myController release];
    }];
    

    但是上述方法在ARC下行不通,因为下划线下划线block在ARC中并不能禁止Block对所引用的对象进行强引用,解决办法可以是在Block中将myController置空(为了可以修改myController,还是需要使用下划线下划线block对变量进行修饰)

    __block MyViewController *myController = [[MyViewController alloc] init];
    // ...
    myController.completionHandler =  ^(NSInteger result) {
        [myController dismissViewControllerAnimated:YES completion:nil];
        myController = nil;
    };
    [self presentViewController:myController animated:YES completion:^{}];
    

    上述方法确实可以解决循环引用,但是在ARC中还有更优雅的解决办法,新创建一个弱指针来指向该对象,并将该弱指针放在Block中使用,这样Block便不会造成循环引用

    MyViewController *myController = [[MyViewController alloc] init];
    // ...
    __weak MyViewController *weakMyController = myController;
    myController.completionHandler =  ^(NSInteger result) {
        [weakMyController dismissViewControllerAnimated:YES completion:nil];
    };
    [self presentViewController:myController animated:YES completion:^{}];
    

    虽然解决了循环引用,但是也容易涉及到另一个问题,因为Block是通过弱引用指向了myController对象,那么有可能在调用Block之前myController对象便已经被释放了,所以我们需要在Block内部再定义一个强指针来指向myController对象

    MyViewController *myController = [[MyViewController alloc] init];
    // ...
    __weak MyViewController *weakMyController = myController;
    myController.completionHandler =  ^(NSInteger result) {
        MyViewController *strongMyController = weakMyController;
        if (strongMyController)
        {
            [strongMyController dismissViewControllerAnimated:YES completion:nil];
        }
        else
        {
            // Probably nothing...
        }
    };
    [self presentViewController:myController animated:YES completion:^{}];
    

    这里需要补充一下,在Block内部定义的变量,会在作用域结束时自动释放,Block对其并没有强引用关系,且在ARC中只需要避免循环引用即可,如果只是Block单方面地对外部变量进行强引用,并不会造成内存泄漏

    注: 关于下划线下划线block关键字在MRC和ARC下的不同

    __block在MRC下有两个作用
    1. 允许在Block中访问和修改局部变量 
    2. 禁止Block对所引用的对象进行隐式retain操作
    
    __block在ARC下只有一个作用
    1. 允许在Block中访问和修改局部变量
    
    3.4: 使用Block进行排序

    在开发中,我们一般使用数组的如下两个方法来进行排序

    • 不可变数组的方法: - (NSArray *)sortedArrayUsingComparator:(NSComparator)cmptr
    • 可变数组的方法 : - (void)sortUsingComparator:(NSComparator)cmptr

    其中, NSComparator是利用typedef定义的Block类型

    typedef NSComparisonResult (^NSComparator)(id obj1, id obj2);
    

    其中,这个返回值为NSComparisonResult枚举,这个返回值用来决定Block的两个参数顺序,我们只需在Block中指明不同条件下Block的两个参数的顺序即可,方法内部会将数组中的元素分别利用Block来进行比较并排序

    typedef NS_ENUM(NSInteger, NSComparisonResult)
    {
        NSOrderedAscending = -1L, // 升序,表示左侧的字符在右侧的字符前边
        NSOrderedSame, // 相等
        NSOrderedDescending // 降序,表示左侧的字符在右侧的字符后边
    };
    

    我们以Person类为例,对Person对象以年龄升序进行排序,具体方法如下

    @interface Student : NSObject
    
    @property (nonatomic, assign) int age;
    
    @end
    
    
    @implementation Student
    
    @end
    
    
    Student *stu1 = [[Student alloc] init];
    stu1.age = 18;
    Student *stu2 = [[Student alloc] init];
    stu2.age = 28;
    Student *stu3 = [[Student alloc] init];
    stu3.age = 11;
    
    NSArray *array = @[stu1,stu2,stu3];
    
    array = [array sortedArrayUsingComparator:^NSComparisonResult(id obj1, id obj2) {
        Student *stu1 = obj1;
        Student *stu2 = obj2;
    
        if (stu1.age > stu2.age)
        {
            return NSOrderedDescending; // 在这里返回降序,说明在该种条件下,obj1排在obj2的后边
        }
        else if (stu1.age < stu2.age)
        {
            return NSOrderedAscending;
        }
        else
        {
            return NSOrderedSame;
        }
    }];
    

    Blocks Programming Topics

    A Short Practical Guide to Blocks

    Transitioning to ARC Release Notes

    iOS开发ARC内存管理技术要点

    唐巧的技术博客

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