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python (urllib模块)

python (urllib模块)

作者: 我是帅气的石头 | 来源:发表于2018-06-15 22:49 被阅读0次

    Get

    urllib的request模块可以非常方便地抓取URL内容,也就是发送一个GET请求到指定的页面,然后返回HTTP的响应

    from urllib import request
    
    with request.urlopen('https://api.douban.com/v2/book/2129650') as f:
        data = f.read()
        print('Status:', f.status, f.reason)
        for k, v in f.getheaders():
            print('%s: %s' % (k, v))
        print('Data:', data.decode('utf-8'))
    
    

    可以看到HTTP响应的头和JSON数据:

    Status: 200 OK
    Server: nginx
    Date: Tue, 26 May 2015 10:02:27 GMT
    Content-Type: application/json; charset=utf-8
    Content-Length: 2049
    Connection: close
    Expires: Sun, 1 Jan 2006 01:00:00 GMT
    Pragma: no-cache
    Cache-Control: must-revalidate, no-cache, private
    X-DAE-Node: pidl1
    Data: {"rating":{"max":10,"numRaters":16,"average":"7.4","min":0},"subtitle":"","author":["88编著"],"pubdate":"2007-6",...}
    
    

    如果我们要想模拟浏览器发送GET请求,就需要使用Request对象,通过往Request对象添加HTTP头,我们就可以把请求伪装成浏览器。例如,模拟iPhone 6去请求豆瓣首页:

    from urllib import request
    
    req = request.Request('http://www.douban.com/')
    req.add_header('User-Agent', 'Mozilla/6.0 (iPhone; CPU iPhone OS 8_0 like Mac OS X) AppleWebKit/536.26 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/8.0 Mobile/10A5376e Safari/8536.25')
    with request.urlopen(req) as f:
        print('Status:', f.status, f.reason)
        for k, v in f.getheaders():
            print('%s: %s' % (k, v))
        print('Data:', f.read().decode('utf-8'))
    

    Post

    如果要以POST发送一个请求,只需要把参数data以bytes形式传入。

    我们模拟一个微博登录,先读取登录的邮箱和口令,然后按照weibo.cn的登录页的格式以username=xxx&password=xxx的编码传入:

    from urllib import request, parse
    
    print('Login to weibo.cn...')
    email = input('Email: ')
    passwd = input('Password: ')
    login_data = parse.urlencode([
        ('username', email),
        ('password', passwd),
        ('entry', 'mweibo'),
        ('client_id', ''),
        ('savestate', '1'),
        ('ec', ''),
        ('pagerefer', 'https://passport.weibo.cn/signin/welcome?entry=mweibo&r=http%3A%2F%2Fm.weibo.cn%2F')
    ])
    
    req = request.Request('https://passport.weibo.cn/sso/login')
    req.add_header('Origin', 'https://passport.weibo.cn')
    req.add_header('User-Agent', 'Mozilla/6.0 (iPhone; CPU iPhone OS 8_0 like Mac OS X) AppleWebKit/536.26 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/8.0 Mobile/10A5376e Safari/8536.25')
    req.add_header('Referer', 'https://passport.weibo.cn/signin/login?entry=mweibo&res=wel&wm=3349&r=http%3A%2F%2Fm.weibo.cn%2F')
    
    with request.urlopen(req, data=login_data.encode('utf-8')) as f:
        print('Status:', f.status, f.reason)
        for k, v in f.getheaders():
            print('%s: %s' % (k, v))
        print('Data:', f.read().decode('utf-8'))
    
    

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