But in 2050, a cashier or textile worker losing their job to a robot will hardly be able to start working as a cancer researcher, as a drone operator, or as part of a human- AI banking team. They will not have the necessary skills. In the First World War it made sense to send millions of raw conscripts to charge machine guns and die in their thousands. Their individual skills mattered little. Today, despite the shortage of drone operators and data analysts, the US Air Force is unwilling to fill the gaps with Walmart dropouts.You wouldn't like an inexperienced recruit to mistake an Afghan wedding party for a high-level Taliban conference.
但是在2050年,收银员或纺织工人一旦被机器人所取代,将很难成为癌症研究员、无人机操作员或人类-人工智能银行团队的一员,因为他们缺乏相应的技能。在第一次世界大战中,派遣数以百万计未经训练的士兵拿机关枪匆忙上战场,付出惨重伤亡代价,这种做法是有道理的,因为他们的个人技能几乎无关紧要。今天,美国空军尽管缺少无人机操作员和数据分析师,也不愿意拿沃尔玛超市下岗职工来填补空缺。你肯定不希望毫无经验的新兵把阿富汗婚礼派对误认为塔利班高层会议这种情况出现。
但是到了2050年,收银员或纺织工人的工作全部由机器人接手之后,他们几乎不可能变身为癌症研究人员、无人机驾驶员或“人类+人工智能”的银行团队中的一员。他们缺少必备的技能。在第一次世界大战中,派出几百万名毫无作战经验的士兵扛着枪一阵乱射,牺牲成千上万人,其实是有意义的做法,毕竟当时个人的技术好坏并不会造成太大差异。但是今天,就算无人机驾驶员和资料分析师的岗位确实缺人,美国空军也不会找个失业的超市收银员来填补空缺。你不希望有个没经验的“菜鸟”把阿富汗的婚礼派对误认为是塔利班的高层集会吧?【林俊宏】
Consequently, despite the appearance of many new human jobs, we might nevertheless witness the rise of a new 'useless' class. We might actually get the worst of both worlds, suffering simultaneously from high unemployment and a shortage of skilled labour. Many people might share the fate not of nineteenth-century wagon drivers - who switched to driving taxis - but of nineteenth-century horses, who were increasingly pushed out of the job market altogether.
因此,尽管出现了许多新的人类工作,我们仍然可以看到一个新的“无用”阶级的兴起。实际上,两方面最糟糕的情况可能会同时出现:一边是失业率居高不下,另一边是熟练劳动力短缺。许多人的下场可能不如19世纪的马车夫(他们转行去开出租车了),而是与那时候的马命运相同,逐渐被淘汰出就业市场。
因此,虽然出现了许多新的人类工作,我们仍然可能看到新的“无用阶层”日益庞犬。我们甚至可能两面不讨好:一方面许多人找不到工作,另一方面也有许多雇主找不到有技能的雇员。这有点儿像19世纪汽车取代马车时的情景.当时有许多马车夫转行当出租车司机,只是我们可能不是那些马车夫,而是被淘汰的马。【林俊宏】
In addition, no remaining human job will ever be safe from the threat of future automation, because machine learning and robotics will continue to improve. A forty-war-old unemployed Walmart cashier who by dint of superhuman efforts manages to reinvent herself as a drone pilot might have to reinvent herself again ten years later, because by then the flying of drones may also have been automated. This volatility will also make it more difficult to organise unions or secure labour rights. Already today, many new jobs in advanced economies involve unprotected temporary work, freelancing and one-time gigs. How do you unionise a profession that mushrooms and disappears within a decade?
此外,由于机器学习和机器人技术将继续改进,因此,人类其余的工作也会受到未来自动化的威胁。一位失业的四十岁沃尔玛收银员,凭借超人的努力,成功地转型成一名无人机驾驶员,十年后可能不得不再次转型,因为那时无人机驾驶可能也会自动化。这种不稳定性也会使组织工会或保障劳工权利变得更加困难。当今,发达经济体中的许多新工作都是无保障的临时工、自由职业或者一次性工作。要是一个职业在十年间就经历兴衰,又怎么可能成立工会呢?
此外,由于机器学习和机器人技术还会持续进步,所以其实任何人类工作都有可能受到自动化的威胁。就算某位40岁失业的沃尔玛收银员靠着惊人的努力让自己改头换面成了无人机驾驶员,也很有可能在10年之后因为无人机也自动化了而必须再改头换面一次。职场波动如此剧烈,使得组织工会或保障劳工权益变得更加困难。我们现在就能够看到,即使是在发达经济体中,很多新工作的形态也是无保障的临时工、自由职业和一次性合作。如果某个专业在10年间就迅速起落,又怎么可能组织起工会呢?【林俊宏】
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