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看到“It is not until ......that……”

看到“It is not until ......that……”

作者: 老王 | 来源:发表于2014-10-10 16:45 被阅读16924次

    例句:
    It is not until he finished his composition that his mom came back home.
    ——中译(1):直到他做完作文,他母亲才回到家。
    ——中译(2):他作文还没有做完,他母亲就回到家。
    ——中译(3):他母亲还没回到家,他已经做完了作文。
    ——中译(4):他母亲回到家后,他才做完作文。

    究竟哪句才符合英语原句的意思呢?我们分几步来分析:

    (1)强调句型
    It is not until that….,是个句型,是个强调句型。

    until强调句型的结构:

    It + be + not + 被强调部分 + that(强调句连词) + 主句

    既然是强调句,那正常句型(即非强调句型)是怎么样的?
    让我们来还原一下,意思就会清楚了。

    例句中,被强调部分是be后面的从句:
    until he finished his composition
    主句是that后面的句子:
    his mom did not come back home.
    如此,正常句型即为:

    His mom didn’t come back home until he finished his composition.

    这里就产生了一个问题:为什么主句要用否定句呢?有人会问,同时,会举出另一例句:

    You can stay here until I come back .
    这个句子可没有用否定句啊!

    这里就涉及到 until 的习惯用法

    (2)习惯用法

    ** until 的一个惯用法:**

    • 1.主句谓语动词是延时性动词,主句要用肯定式:
      You can stay here until I come back .
      主句谓语动词 stay 是延时性动词,故要用肯定句;
    • 2.主句谓语动词是终止性动词,主句要用否定式:
      His mom didn’t come back home until he finished his composition.
      主句谓语动词 come 是终止性动词,故要用否定句。

    类例:
    ——You can keep the book until I need it.
    ——I didn’t understand the meaning of the sentence until he explained it.
    keep 是延时性动词,用肯定句式;
    understand 是终止性动词,用否定句式。

    【注:
    关于延续性动词和非延续性动词(终止性动词)的区别和用法,可参见另文《注意延时性动词和终止性动词的惯用法 !》

    问题又来了,在强调句中,可以看到后面主句的否定词not被移到了前面:

    It is NOT until he finished the composition that his mom came back home.

    为什么?

    这就要提到另一个语法要点:移位否定

    (3)移位否定

    移位否定,其实并不陌生,类似的句子我们都遇到过:

    ——我认为他明天不会来,译成正确的英语:
    I don’t think he will come tomorrow.
    不是:I think he won’t come tomorrow.

    ——He didn't take the job to make more money.译成正确的汉语是:
    他接受这份工作的目的不是为了挣更多的钱,
    不是:他不接受这份工作为的是挣更多的钱。

    否定句中如含有不定式作目的状语、when引导的时间状语从句、because引导的原因状语从句或as引导的比较状语从句等,一旦按照正常语或逻辑在理解上产生了歧义,或在逻辑上违背常理时,就要考虑到是否使用了移位否定。

    如果不懂英语的这一惯用法,中英对译时就会出错,例如:

    She did not marry him because he was very rich.

    不能译为:”因为他非常富有,所以她没嫁给他“,否则,逻辑上就有点不通了。
    正确的翻译:”她嫁给他并非因为他富有。“

    因为上面这句例句的意思等于 :
    She married him not because he was very rich.

    类例:

    I did not buy the car because it was cheap.
    = I bought the car NOT because it was cheap.
    不是因为价钱便宜,我才买了这辆车。
    不是:因为价钱便宜,所以我没买这辆车。

    这里都是使用了移位否定。

    而until这一强调句型,要求使用移位否定,所以是:
    It is NOT until he finished his composition that his mom came back home .
    不是:
    It is until he finished his composition that his mom DIDNOT come back home.

    通过以上三部分的分析,文章一开始的那句例句的句意应该非常清楚了:
    直译:他母亲一直没有回家,直到他做完作文才回到家。
    意译:直到他完成作文,他母亲回到家。
    前面四句译文,只有第一句才是对的

    至此,以后见到这一句型,不用再纠结,这样理解就可以了:

    ”直到……,才......“ 。

    强调句改错练习:

    1. Without a doubt, it was them who won the game.
      (Without a doubt, it was they who won the game.)
      说明:原句是个强调句,强调句的句型:
      It + be + 被强调部分 + 连词 that (或who) + 主句
      这一句的主句是:They won the game .被强调的是主句的主语they,所以不能用宾格them。因为they是主句的主语,所以可以用who来代替连接词that。

    2. It was in 1912 when the oil ship sank while crossing the Atlantic.
      (It was in 1912 that the oil ship sank while crossing the Atlantic.)
      说明:这也是一句强调句。强调的是原句中的时间状语 in 1912,原句为:
      The oil ship sank while crossing the Atlantic in 1912.
      改成强调句后:
      注意强调句的连接词that不能用其他连词替代(除了上句的who)。

    3. Not until I hear from you I will leave.
      (Not until I hear from you will I leave.)
      说明:这是一句until引起的倒装句。句型要求:
      否定词 + until从句 + 主句的助动词 + 主句主语 + 谓语动词
      注意:

    • 1.谓语动词是终止性动词;
    • 2.主句的助动词 + 主句主语 + 谓语动词 的句式结构,等于该句的疑问句结构。
    1. It was until a few days ago that I knew his name.
      (It was not until a few days ago that I knew his name.)
      说明:主句谓语动词是终止性动词,所以,要用否定句式,不能漏掉NOT。

    2. The problem has really arisen until now.
      (The problem has not really arisen until now.)
      说明:until这里虽然是介词,和作连词时一样,在谓语动词是终止性动词时,要用否定式句型。

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