This passage tells us about space and time that varies in different progresses and periods from ancient times to contemporary ones. Four distinguished scientists , Aristotle, Galileo, Newton and Einstein, excel at physics and lay foundations for the theories. Aristotle prefer to pure thoughts, which is not accepted by observers. Galileo find that bodies of different weight in fact fall at different speeds.
Newton created the basis of the laws of motion hundreds of years ago and promoted the understandings and views of modern physics. The effect of a force can change the speed of a body, which is known as Newton’s first law.
According to newton’s second law, a body of twice the weight will have twice the force of gravity pulling it down, but it will also have twice the mass. Bodies of different masses experience different gravity and fall at different speeds, but acceleration exists in all the cases. Absolute time, criticized by many people, according to Newton and Aristotle, must exist in spaces. And time should be separate from and independent of space.
Einstein, famous for the theory of relativity, neglects gravitational effects and make sure that nothing can travel faster than light. This theory successfully describes what happens when things move at speeds close to the speed of light.
Newton has different views of gravity, but Einstein can not agree with him upon it. Einstein states that gravity is not a force. On the contrary Newton regards gravity as a kind of force that works against the mass and acts on the accelerations. Einstein extraordinarily concerns the energy and studies the path of orbits in four-dimensional space. But how light travels in space is discussed so many times and no agreement is came into being.
I do know a little about physics and never get a high scores in school. I can make the theory of relativity clear through comparisons. When I work with a colleague who have great passion upon work , I can spend the working hours with happiness. But if I corporate with another one who hates working, I spend the work days with great unhappiness. This is the theory of relativity in workplaces.
1
workout all the laws that govern the universe by pure thought
Toaccomplish by work or effort
Wework out the research by bioinformatics methods.
2
Vertically
adv.垂直地
Fromthe higher point on the table the water moves laterally, vertically, or obliquelydownward.
3
Ifyou let go of a ball
allowsomeone or something to escape or go free.
放手
Shesuddenly let go of me-- she threw up her hands, and wrung them frantically inthe air.
4
Explicitly
adv.明白地;明确地
Henrynever said so explicitly, but certain constituencies were definitely offlimits.
5
Newton’slaw of gravity
Newton'slaw of universal gravitation states that a particle attracts every otherparticle in the universe using a force that is directly proportional to theproduct of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of thedistance between them. This is a general physical law derived from empiricalobservations by what Isaac Newton called inductive reasoning. It is a part ofclassical mechanics and was formulated in Newton's work Philosophiæ NaturalisPrincipia Mathematica, first published on 5 July 1687. (When Newton's book waspresented in 1686 to the Royal Society, Robert Hooke made a claim that Newtonhad obtained the inverse square law from him; see the History section below.)
Inmodern language, the law states: Every point mass attracts every single otherpoint mass by a force pointing along the line intersecting both points. Theforce is proportional to the product of the two masses and inverselyproportional to the square of the distance between them. The first test ofNewton's theory of gravitation between masses in the laboratory was theCavendish experiment conducted by the British scientist Henry Cavendish in1798. It took place 111 years after the publication of Newton's Principia andapproximately 71 years after his death.
Newton'slaw of gravitation resembles Coulomb's law of electrical forces, which is usedto calculate the magnitude of the electrical force arising between two chargedbodies. Both are inverse-square laws, where force is inversely proportional tothe square of the distance between the bodies. Coulomb's law has the product oftwo charges in place of the product of the masses, and the electrostaticconstant in place of the gravitational constant.
Newton'slaw has since been superseded by Albert Einstein's theory of generalrelativity, but it continues to be used as an excellent approximation of theeffects of gravity in most applications. Relativity is required only when thereis a need for extreme precision, or when dealing with very strong gravitationalfields, such as those found near extremely massive and dense objects, or atvery close distances (such as Mercury's orbit around the Sun).
6
elliptical
adj.椭圆的;省略的
7
Thereis no way to tell whether it is the train or the earth that is moving
Thereis no way to do something
Thereis no way to lend money to an unknown person.
8
Lack
v.（动词）
Tobe entirely without or have very little of.
缺乏：根本就没有或仅有一点
Thelack of rain aggravated the already serious lack of food.
9
Absolutetime VS relative time
Absolutespace and time is a concept in physics and philosophy about the properties ofthe universe. In physics, absolute space and time may be a preferred frame.
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Timewas completely separate from and independent of space
时间是一个脱离空间存在的独立概念。
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Taketo be the commonsense view
Beingan independent person should take to be the commonsense view.
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Jupiter
Jupiter
Ju.pi.ter
AHD:[j›“p¹-t…r]
D.J.[6d9u8p!t*]
K.K.[6d9up!t+]
n.（名词）
1.Roman Mythology The supreme god, patron of the Roman state and brother andhusband of Juno.Also calledJove
【罗马神话】朱庇特：统治诸神主宰一切的主神，古罗马的保护神，朱诺的弟弟和丈夫也作Jove
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Propagation
PhysicsThe act or process of propagating, especially the process by which a disturbance,such as the motion of electromagnetic or sound waves, is transmitted through amedium such as air or water.
【物理学】传播：通过象空气或水这样的媒介传播传送的行为或过程，尤指电磁波或声波的运动等干扰过程
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ether
n.（名词）
1.Any of a class of organic compounds in which two hydrocarbon groups are linkedby an oxygen atom.
醚，乙醚：一类有机化合物，它们以一个氧原子与两个包含在烃基中的碳原子相连接为特征
15
postulate
v.tr.（及物动词）
To make claim for; demand.
要求：声称对…拥有主权；要求
the chapter was then allowed topostulate the bishop of Bath.
velocity
n.（名词）
1.Abbr. vel.Rapidity or speed of motion; swiftness.
缩写vel.迅速，快速：运动的快速或速度；迅速
17
radius
n.（名词）【复数】ra.di.i
Abbr. R,r,rad.Mathematics
缩写R,r,rad.【数学】
A line segment that joins the center ofa circle with any point on its circumference.
圆半径：将圆心与圆周上任一连接起来的线段
18
cone
n.（名词）
1.Mathematics
【数学】
2.The surface generated by a straight line, the generator, passing through afixed point, the vertex, and moving along a fixed curve, the directrix.
锥面：由一条直线，即母线，通过一固定点，即顶点，沿一给定曲线，即准线，连续移动而产生的平面
19
geodesic
adj.（形容词）
1.Mathematics Of or relating to the geometry of geodesics.
【数学】大地测量学的：大地测量几何学的或与之有关的
20
elongate
v.tr.intr.（及物动词和不及物动词）e.lon.gat.ed,e.lon.gat.ing,e.lon.gates
Tomake or grow longer.
加长：使…更长或长得更长
21
Getrid of
22
curvature
n.（名词）
1.
The act of curving or the state of being curved.
弯曲：弯曲的动作或被弯曲的状态
Jupiter is the fifth planet from our sun and the largest planet inthe solar system. Jupiter's stripes and swirls are cold, windy clouds ofammonia and water. The atmosphere is mostly hydrogen and helium, and its iconicGreat Red Spot is a giant storm bigger than Earth that has raged for hundredsof years.
Jupiter is surrounded by 53 confirmed moons, as well as 14
provisional ones—for a possible
total of 67 moons. Scientists are most interested in the "Galilean
satellites"—the fourlargest moons discovered by Galileo Galilei in 1610: Europa, Callisto, Ganymedeand Io. Jupiter also has three rings, but they are very hard to see and notnearly as intricate as Saturn's.
Jupiter is named for the king of ancient Roman gods.
Size and Distance
With a radius of 43,440.7 miles (69,911 kilometers), Jupiter is 11times wider than Earth. If Earth were the size of a nickel, Jupiter would beabout as big as a basketball.
From an average distance of 484 million miles (778 millionkilometers), Jupiter is 5.2 astronomical units away from the sun. Oneastronomical unit (abbreviated as AU), is the distance from the sun to Earth.From this distance, it takes sunlight 43 minutes to travel from the sun to Jupiter.
Orbit and Rotation
Jupiter has the shortest day in the solar system. One day onJupiter takes only about 10 hours (the time it takes for Jupiter to rotate orspin around once), and Jupiter makes a complete orbit around the sun (a year inJovian time) in about 12 Earth years (4,333 Earth days).
Its equator is tilted with respect to its orbital path around thesun by just 3 degrees. This means Jupiter spins nearly upright and does nothave seasons as extreme as other planets do.
Formation
Jupiter took shape when the rest of the solar system formed about4.5 billion years ago, when gravity pulled swirling gas and dust in to becomethis gas giant. Jupiter took most of the mass left over after the formation ofthe sun, ending up with more than twice the combined material of the otherbodies in the solar system. In fact, Jupiter has the same ingredients as astar, but it did not grow massive enough to ignite.
About 4 billion years ago, Jupiter settled into its currentposition in the outer solar system, where it is the fifth planet from the sun.
Structure
The composition of Jupiter is similar to that of the sun—mostly hydrogen and helium. Deep in
the atmosphere, pressure and temperature increase, compressing the hydrogen gas
into a liquid. This gives Jupiter the largest ocean in the solar system—an ocean made of hydrogen instead ofwater. Scientists think that, at depths perhaps halfway to the planet's center,the pressure becomes so great that electrons are squeezed off the hydrogenatoms, making the liquid electrically conducting like metal. Jupiter's fastrotation is thought to drive electrical currents in this region, generating theplanet's powerful magnetic field. It is still unclear if, deeper down, Jupiterhas a central core of solid material or if it may be a thick, super-hot anddense soup. It could be up to 90,032 degrees Fahrenheit (50,000 degreesCelsius) down there, made mostly of iron and silicate minerals (similar toquartz).
Surface
As a gas giant, Jupiter doesn't have a true surface. The planet ismostly swirling gases and liquids. While a spacecraft would have nowhere toland on Jupiter, it wouldn't be able to fly through unscathed either. Theextreme pressures and temperatures deep inside the planet crush, melt andvaporize spacecraft trying to fly into the planet.
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