过去完成时The Past Perfect Tense

过去完成时（The Past Perfect Tense）

表示过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作，对过去某一点造成的影响或结果。

时间：

“过去的过去”

过去完成时常用的时间状语有：

1.by the end of +过去的时间点
By the end of last term, we had finished reading 10 books.
到上学期期末时，我们已经读完了10本书。
2. by the time +一般过去时的句子
The bus had already left by the time I got outside.
我出去时，公交车已经离开了。
3.by +过去的时间点
By (the time of) last year ,we had built two houses.
到去年时，我们已经建了两套房子了。
4.before+一般过去时句子
Before I reached the station, the bus had left.
在我到达车站之前，公交车已经离开了。
5.before+过去的时间点
They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.
在上周三之前，他们已经植了六百棵树。
6.after引导的时间状语从句的时态有以下几种情况：如果主句用一般过去时，且主句的动作与从句动作同时发生，after引导的从句也用一般过去时，即“主过从过”；如果主句用一般过去时，且从句的动作在主句动作之前发生，after引导的从句就用过去完成时，即“主过完从过”；如果主句是一般将来时，after引导的从句用一般现在时或现在完成时代替将来完成时。
After he arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve his English.
马克思到英国后,他努力提高他的英语水平。                      After we had finished  homework,we headed home.

完成作业之后，我们才往家走。        I'll write to you after I finish /have finished my work.      我完成作业后将给你写信。

7.When+一般过去时句子
His eyes shone brightly when he finally received the magazine he had long expected.
当他终于收到他盼望已久的杂志时，他兴奋得两眼闪光。
8.当宾语从句的主句为一般过去，且从句的动作先于主句的动作时，从句要用过去完成时。
She said that she had seen the film before. 
她说她之前看过这部电影。
9.“It was the first/second/third…time that…”句型中，主句用了一般过去时，that引导的定语从句要用过去完成时。
It was the first time we had spoken together.这是我们第一次在一起说话。
10.通过上下文提示，先发生的用过去完成时，后发生的则用一般过去时。
She was very happy.She had just won the first prize in the competition.
她很高兴。她刚刚在比赛中得了一等奖。

构成：

“助动词 had + 过去分词”，其中 had 通用于各种人称。

结构:

① 肯定句：
主语+had+动词过去分词+其他.
② 否定句：
主语+had+not+ 动词过去分词+其他.
③疑问句：
Had+主语+动词过去分词+其他?
肯定回答：Yes,主语(主格)+had.
否定回答：No,主语(主格)+hadn't.
④特殊疑问句：
特殊疑问词或词组+had+主语+过去分词+其他？
⑤ 被动语态：
主语+had(not) +been+动词过去分词+其他.

典型例题及解析

I ___ friends with Bob for 10 years. We first got to know each other at a Christmas party. But we ___ each other a couple of times before that. A. had been; have met   
B. have been; have met
C. had been; had met     
D. have been; had met
【正确选项】：D
句意是：我和鲍勃成为朋友已经10年了。我们在一个圣诞聚会上第一次互相认识。但在那之前我们就已经见过好几次面了。
第一句指从过去延续到现在的状况，标志词有“for+一段时间”，使用现在完成时“have(has)+过去分词”。
第二句表示我们在第一次见面之前的动作，即“过去的过去”，应用过去完成时“had+过去分词”。因此本题的正确答案为D。

对应训练

I.用所给动词正确形式填空。

1.She_____ already _____(try) the dress on before she bought it.
2. He _____(learn) this lesson by the end of last week.
3. Mr. Smith _____(live) in Europe forten years before he ____(go) to Australia.
4. By ten yesterday evening, she _______(finish) writing.
5.It ______ (stop) raining when I woke up this morning.
6.She told me she _______(be) to Chongqing three times.
7.I waited until he ________(finish) his homework.
8. We were surprised at what she ________already ______(do)
9. When he ______(come) to China two years ago, he found people didn’t understand him at all though he ______(learn )some Chinese in his own country.

参考答案

I. 用所给动词的正确形式填空。
1. had; tried     
2. had learnt   
3. had lived; went   
4. had finished 
5.had stopped 
6. had been     
7. had finished
8. had done
9. came; had learned

II. 根据汉语提示完成下列句子。

1. 到上个月中旬，我们在这里住了10年的时间了。
By the middle of last month we ______(live) here for ten years.
2.他说他以前见过你。
He said that he ________(see)  you before.
3. 当我进来时，他已做完了作业。
When I came in, he _________(finish) his homework.

参考答案

II. 根据汉语提示完成下列句子。
1. had lived       
2. had seen     
3. had finished   

III. 合并句子

1.He has collected over 300 Chinese stamps. Mike told us.
Mike told us that he ______  ______ over 300 Chinese stamps.
2.What he did . We didn’t know.
We didn’t know what he ___  ____.

参考答案

III.合并句子
1.had collected
2.had done