1.NK细胞可以诱导针对恶性细胞的抗原非依赖性免疫应答。
2. NK细胞具有固有的杀死恶性细胞的能力,而无需事先激活,它们在恶性细胞的免疫监视中起着重要作用。
3. NK细胞的发育主要发生在骨髓中,分为五个阶段
a) 在第一阶段,细胞被称为共同淋巴祖细胞(CLP)IL-7Ra; CD127、CD117、Sca-1、Flt-3; CD135。
b) 在第二阶段,细胞通常被称为前NK前体(pre-NKP)。
c) 接下来,pre-NKP发育为NKP,细胞开始表达IL-15受体复合物(IL-15Rβ/γ)。同样在第三阶段,细胞开始形成象征性的NK细胞标志物CD56,可以将其进一步细分为CD56bri和CD56dim两个子集。(CD56bri NK cells —— immature NK cells;CD56dim NK cells —— mature NK cells)
d) 进入次级淋巴组织的NK前体也可以发育成成熟的NK细胞。
e) NK细胞在发育后循环并广泛分布于全身。
4. 树突状细胞(DC)通过分泌IL-12,I型IFN,转递IL-15和分泌性外来体在调节NK细胞增殖和功能中发挥作用。M1极化的巨噬细胞分泌细胞因子,例如IL-12,IL-18,IL-1β,IFN-β。 在TLR刺激后,未极化和M2巨噬细胞的一部分可以释放可溶性IL-18。 这些最终有助于NK细胞活化和细胞毒性。单核细胞通过分泌因子IL-2,IL-12,IL-18和IL-21调节NK增殖和功能。此外,CD4 + T细胞可以分泌IL-2,这对于NK细胞的存活和增殖至关重要。或者,调节性T(Treg)细胞可以通过分泌转化生长因子β(TGF-β)抑制NK细胞的增殖和活性。
5. 一系列免疫检查点,包括程序性死亡1(PD-1),细胞毒性T淋巴细胞相关蛋白4(CTLA-4),T细胞免疫球蛋白和包含3的粘蛋白结构域(TIM-3)和具有 Ig和ITIM域(TIGIT),传输抑制信号。
6. 活化的NK细胞可以分泌细胞因子,随后成为细胞毒性或效应NK细胞。
7. 几乎所有健康细胞都表达HLA I类分子,该分子与NK细胞上的抑制性受体KIR或CD94 / NKG2A / B配对,以抑制NK细胞对自身的杀伤。但是,肿瘤细胞会发生表面标志物变化。一方面,某些类型的肿瘤细胞失去了HLA I类分子的表达。另一方面,压力会导致损伤相关蛋白的上调。因此,NK细胞通过两种模型识别肿瘤细胞。在第一个模型中,肿瘤细胞上HLA I类分子的丢失还导致通过KIR或CD94 / NKG2A / B传递的抑制信号的丢失,从而导致NK细胞的激活。该模型称为“自我缺失”识别。其次,在一种称为“压力诱导的识别”的模型中,上调的损伤相关蛋白可以与NK细胞上的激活受体配对,从而触发NK细胞的细胞毒性。
8. 活化的NK细胞可以通过直接或间接模型杀死肿瘤细胞。直接的细胞毒性是基于肿瘤细胞和NK细胞之间免疫突触的形成。NK细胞还可以通过间接模型作为调节性细胞发挥作用,从而调节先天性和适应性免疫应答以获得细胞毒性功能。
9. Recent studies have found NK cells can acquire memory or memorylike properties under some conditions. 最近的研究发现,NK细胞可以在某些条件下获得记忆或类似记忆的特性。
NK cell-based immunotherapy for cancer Seminars in Immunology 2017 06
10. CXCL9和CXCL10水平升高与肿瘤浸润性CD8 + T细胞数量增加相关,并与卵巢癌和结肠癌患者的癌症转移水平降低和生存率提高相关。
Chemokines in the cancer microenvironment and their relevance in cancer immunotherapy Cell 2017
11. STAT3活性抑制DCs的MHC II类分子CD80,CD86和IL-12的表达,从而阻止其(DC)成熟并损害其(DC)刺激CD8 T细胞和自然杀伤(NK)细胞抗肿瘤作用的能力。
Crosstalk between cancer and immune cells role of STAT3 in the tumour microenvironment Nature 2007
12. 自然杀伤(NK)细胞通过分泌和膜结合的IFN-γ和TNF-α选择和区分癌症干细胞(CSCs)/未分化的肿瘤,从而阻止了肿瘤的生长和诱导肿瘤微环境的重塑。
NK cells shape pancreatic and oral tumor microenvironments; role in inhibition of tumor growth and metastasis Semin Cancer Biol 2018
13. Natural killer cells recruit dendritic cells to the tumor microenvironment, and disruption of this process results in cancer immune evasion. 自然杀伤细胞将树突状细胞招募到肿瘤微环境中,破坏这一过程会导致癌症免疫逃避。
14. The NK cell/chemokine/cDC1(Conventional type 1 dendritic cells) axis is associated with cancer patient survival. NK细胞/趋化因子/cDC1轴与癌症患者生存相关。
15. cDC1 recruitment depends on NK cell-derived chemokines CCL5 and XCL1. cDC1招募依赖于NK细胞来源的趋化因子CCL5和XCL1。
16. Tumor-derived PGE2 impairs NK cell and cDC1 resulting in cancer immune evasion. 肿瘤来源的PGE2损害NK细胞和cDC1,导致癌症免疫逃避。
17. Similarly, in human cancers, intratumoral CCL5, XCL1, and XCL2 transcripts closely correlate with gene signatures of both NK cells and cDC1 and are associated with increased overall patient survival. 同样,在人类癌症中,肿瘤内的CCL5、XCL1和XCL2转录本与NK细胞和cDC1的特征基因密切相关,并与患者更好的总体生存期相关。
NK Cells Stimulate Recruitment of cDC1 into the Tumor Microenvironment Promoting Cancer Immune Control Cell 2018
18. tissue-resident NK cells that differ from conventional NK cells in terms of their origin. 组织驻留的NK细胞,其来源不同于传统的NK细胞。
Targeting natural killer cells in cancer immunotherapy Nature Immunology 2016
19. NK cells produce the chemokines CCL5 and XCL1 to recruit cDC1, which is blocked by tumor-derived PGE2. NK细胞产生趋化因子CCL5和XCL1招募cDC1, cDC1被肿瘤来源的PGE2阻断。
20. Strategies to increase cDC1 abundance might potentially enhance the antitumor immunity and suppress tumor progression. 增加cDC1丰度的策略可能增强抗肿瘤免疫,抑制肿瘤进展。
21. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) suppresses antitumor immunity and is secreted by many tumors, and Böttcher and colleagues found that cDC1 accumulate in the tumor microenvironment in BRAFV600E melanomas when the cyclooxygenases (COX) required for PGE2 production (Pgts1 and Pgts2) are deleted from tumor cells. 前列腺素E2 (PGE2)抑制抗肿瘤免疫,由许多肿瘤分泌,Bottcher和同事发现,当生成PGE2 (Pgts1和Pgts2)所需的环氧化酶(COX)从肿瘤细胞中删除时,cDC1在BRAFV600E黑色素瘤的肿瘤微环境中积累。
Natural killer cells recruit dendritic cells to promote antitumor Immunity 2018
22. NK cells control tumor growth directly through targeted cytotoxic granule release or cytokine secretion and indirectly by orchestrating anti-tumor immune responses. NK细胞直接通过靶向释放细胞毒颗粒或分泌细胞因子来控制肿瘤生长,间接通过调节抗肿瘤免疫反应来控制肿瘤生长。
New Job for NK Cells: Architects of the Tumor Microenvironment Immunity 2018
23. Along similar lines, high expression levels of NK cell activatory receptors (NKAR) (Box 1) or improved NK cell cytotoxicity have been linked with good prognosis in multiple cohorts of cancer patients with or at risk of metastatic disease. 与此类似,高水平的NK细胞激活受体(NKAR) (Box 1)或改善的NK细胞毒性已被认为与具有或有转移性疾病风险的癌症患者的良好预后有关。
Control of Metastasis by NK Cells Cancer Cell 2017
24. Intratumoral stimulatory dendritic cells (SDCs) play an important role in stimulating cytotoxic T cells and driving immune responses against cancer. 肿瘤内兴奋性树突状细胞(SDCs)在刺激细胞毒性T细胞和促进肿瘤免疫反应方面发挥重要作用。
25. We find that in human melanoma, SDC abundance is associated with intratumoral expression of the gene encoding the cytokine FLT3LG. FLT3LG is predominantly produced by lymphocytes, notably natural killer (NK) cells in mouse and human tumors. 我们发现在人类黑色素瘤中,SDC丰度与细胞因子FLT3LG基因的瘤内表达有关。FLT3LG主要由淋巴细胞产生,特别是小鼠和人类肿瘤中的自然杀伤(NK)细胞。
26. Although anti-PD-1 ‘checkpoint’ immunotherapy for cancer largely targets T cells, we find that NK cell frequency correlates with protective SDCs in human cancers, with patient responsiveness to anti-PD-1 immunotherapy, and with increased overall survival. 虽然针对癌症的抗PD-1“检查点”免疫治疗主要针对T细胞,但我们发现,NK细胞频率与人类癌症中的保护性SDCs相关,与患者对抗pd -1免疫治疗的反应性相关,并与总体生存率增加相关。
27. Our studies reveal that innate immune SDCs and NK cells cluster together as an excellent prognostic tool for T cell–directed immunotherapy and that these innate cells are necessary for enhanced T cell tumor responses, suggesting this axis as a target for new therapies. 我们的研究显示,先天免疫的SDCs和NK细胞聚集在一起,是T细胞定向免疫治疗的良好预后工具,这些先天细胞对增强T细胞肿瘤反应是必要的,提示该轴是新疗法的靶点。
28. We previously identified a rare intratumoral dendritic cell (DC) subset that is uniquely capable of restimulating T cells in the TME3 and is required for adoptive T cell therapy in mouse models3–7. 我们之前发现了一种罕见的瘤内树突状细胞(DC)亚群,该亚群具有在TME3中重新激活T细胞的独特能力,并且在小鼠模型3 - 7中需要过继T细胞治疗。
29. These rare intratumoral type I conventional dendritic cells (cDC1; when taken from tumors, referred to as SDCs) were defined in mice by surface expression of the integrin CD103 and in humans by expression of thrombomodulin (BDCA-3; also known as CD141). 这些罕见的瘤内I型传统树突状细胞(cDC1;从肿瘤中提取的SDCs在小鼠中通过整合素CD103的表面表达确定,在人类中通过血栓调节蛋白(BDCA-3;也被称为CD141)来确定。
30. We further link the abundance of intratumoral SDCs to the expression of the gene encoding Fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (FLT3LG), the formative cytokine for cDC1. 我们进一步将肿瘤内SDCs的丰度与编码fms相关的酪氨酸激酶3配体(FLT3LG)的基因表达联系起来,FLT3LG是cDC1形成的细胞因子。
31. Intratumoral SDC abundance predicts responsiveness to anti-PD-1 immunotherapy. 瘤内SDC丰度预测抗pd -1免疫治疗的反应性。
A natural killer-dendritic cell axis defines checkpoint therapy-responsive tumor microenvironments Nature Medicine 2008
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