基础
-
官方WWDC的基础教学视频:
202 – Introduction to Auto Layout for iOS and OS X https://developer.apple.com/videos/wwdc/2012/?id=202,
228 – Best Practices for Mastering Auto Layout https://developer.apple.com/videos/wwdc/2012/?id=228,
232 – Auto Layout by Example https://developer.apple.com/videos/wwdc/2012/?id=232 -
约束条件是用的可视格式语言,官方文档:https://developer.apple.com/library/ios/documentation/UserExperience/Conceptual/AutolayoutPG/VisualFormatLanguage/VisualFormatLanguage.html
原理
视图显示前会有两个步骤,顺序是updating constraints -> laying out views -> 显示。
-
Updating constraints:从子视图到父视图,布局会在实际设置frame时使用,调用setNeedsUpdateConstraints触发操作。自定义视图的话可以重写updateConstraints增加本地约束。
-
Laying out views:布局视图是从父视图到子视图,通过setNeedsLayout触发。调用layoutIfNeeded可以强制系统立刻更新视图布局。
自定义视图自动布局的过程
Instrinsic Content Size
实现Instrinsic Content Size需要重写intrinsicContentSize返回合适的大小,有会影响尺寸改变的时候调用invalidateInstrinsicContentSize。一个方向设置Instrinsic Content Size,另一个方向尺寸返回UIViewNoIntrinsicMetric
Compression Resistance 和 Content Hugging
定义了Instrinsic Content Size 才能够在视图两个方向上分配 Compression Resistance 和 Content Hugging 。比如一个Instrinsic Content Size为{100,30}的label,Compression Resistance为750,Content Hugging为250,约束条件可视格式语言如下
H:[label(<=100@250)]
H:[label(>=100@750)]
V:[label(<=30@250)]
V:[label(>=30@750)]
Frame和Alignment Rect
如果需要可以重写alignmentRectForFrame:和frameForAlignmentRect:,Instrinsic Content Size尺寸引用它的alignment rect而不是frame
Baseline Alignment
通过viewForBaselineLayout来激活基线对齐。
控制布局
-
本地约束:添加本地约束的地方是updateConstraints。增加布局子视图约束条件后调用[super updateConstraints]。
-
控制子视图布局:如果不能利用布局约束条件达到子视图预期布局可以重写layoutSubviews。可以参看WWDC视频的一个例子WWDC session 228 – Best Practices for Mastering Auto Layout <u>http://onevcat.com/2012/09/autoayout/</u>
- layoutSubviews
{
[super layoutSubviews];
if (self.subviews[0].frame.size.width <= MINIMUM_WIDTH)
{
[self removeSubviewConstraints];
self.layoutRows += 1; [super layoutSubviews];
}
}
- updateConstraints
{
// 根据 self.layoutRows 添加约束...
[super updateConstraints];
}
|
对于不固定高度的多行文本处理
比如说UILabel和NSTextField文本的高度取决于行的宽度,这两个类有个perferredMaxLayoutWidth的属性,可以指定行宽度的最大值,以便计算固有内容尺寸。
- (void)layoutSubviews
{
//第一次调用获得label的frame
[super layoutSubviews];
myLabel.preferredMaxLayoutWidth = myLabel.frame.size.width;
//第二次调用为了改变后更新布局
[super layoutSubviews];
}
//也可以在label子类本身这样做
@implementation MyLabel
- (void)layoutSubviews
{
self.preferredMaxLayoutWidth = self.frame.size.width;
[super layoutSubviews];
}
@end
- (void)viewDidLayoutSubviews
{
[super viewDidLayoutSubviews];
myLabel.preferredMaxLayoutWidth = myLabel.frame.size.width;
[self.view layoutIfNeeded];
}
动画
- 使用Core Animation方法
//非Auto Layout的写法
[UIView animateWithDuration:1 animations:^{
myView.frame = newFrame;
}];
// 更新约束,Auto Layout的写法,主要不要更改view的frame,因为view使用了Auto Layout后frame的设置任务已经由布局系统代劳了。
[UIView animateWithDuration:1 animations:^{
[myView layoutIfNeeded];
}];
使用transform来产生动画,将这个view嵌入到一个view的容器内,然后在这个容器内重写layoutSubviews
- (void)layoutSubviews
{
[super layoutSubviews];
static CGPoint center = {0,0};
if (CGPointEqualToPoint(center, CGPointZero)) {
// 在初次布局后获取中心点
center = self.animatedView.center;
} else {
// 将中心点赋回给动画视图
self.animatedView.center = center;
}
}
调试
不可满足的约束条件
遇到不可满足的约束条件只能在输入的日志中看到视图的内存地址。
(lldb) po 0x7731880
$0 = 124983424 <UIView: 0x7731880; frame = (90 -50; 80 100);
layer = <CALayer: 0x7731450>>
(lldb) po [0x7731880 superview]
$2 = 0x07730fe0 <UIView: 0x7730fe0; frame = (32 128; 259 604);
layer = <CALayer: 0x7731150>>
(lldb) po [[0x7731880 superview] recursiveDescription]
$3 = 0x07117ac0 <UIView: 0x7730fe0; frame = (32 128; 259 604); layer = <CALayer: 0x7731150>>
| <UIView: 0x7731880; frame = (90 -50; 80 100); layer = <CALayer: 0x7731450>>
| <UIView: 0x7731aa0; frame = (90 101; 80 100); layer = <CALayer: 0x7731c60>>
可以在控制台修改有问题的视图
(lldb) expr ((UIView *)0x7731880).backgroundColor = [UIColor purpleColor]
这里有Danielhttps://twitter.com/danielboedewadt的一个调试Auto Layout的范例:https://github.com/objcio/issue-3-auto-layout-debugging
有歧义的布局
UIView提供三种方法:hasAmbiguousLayout,exerciseAmbiguityInLayout和_autolayoutTrace(私有方法,正式产品里不要包含)。如果有歧义那么hasAmbiguousLayout返回YES。
@implementation UIView (AutoLayoutDebugging)
- (void)printAutoLayoutTrace {
#ifdef DEBUG
NSLog(@"%@", [self performSelector:@selector(_autolayoutTrace)]);
#endif
}
@end
_autolayoutTrace打印如下:
2013-07-23 17:36:08.920 FlexibleLayout[4237:907]
*<UIWindow:0x7269010>
| *<UILayoutContainerView:0x7381250>
| | *<UITransitionView:0x737c4d0>
| | | *<UIViewControllerWrapperView:0x7271e20>
| | | | *<UIView:0x7267c70>
| | | | | *<UIView:0x7270420> - AMBIGUOUS LAYOUT
| | <UITabBar:0x726d440>
| | | <_UITabBarBackgroundView:0x7272530>
| | | <UITabBarButton:0x726e880>
| | | | <UITabBarSwappableImageView:0x7270da0>
| | | | <UITabBarButtonLabel:0x726dcb0>
使用exerciseAmbiguityInLayout
@implementation UIView (AutoLayoutDebugging)
- (void)exerciseAmiguityInLayoutRepeatedly:(BOOL)recursive {
#ifdef DEBUG
if (self.hasAmbiguousLayout) {
[NSTimer scheduledTimerWithTimeInterval:.5
target:self
selector:@selector(exerciseAmbiguityInLayout)
userInfo:nil
repeats:YES];
}
if (recursive) {
for (UIView *subview in self.subviews) {
[subview exerciseAmbiguityInLayoutRepeatedly:YES];
}
}
#endif
} @end
约束条件代码
· 可视化结构语言(visual format language, VFL)官方文档:
http://developer.apple.com/library/ios/documentation/UIKit/Reference/UIView_Class/UIView/UIView.html#//apple_ref/occ/instm/UIView/translatesAutoresizingMaskIntoConstraints
· 如果是使用代码设置约束,需要将translatesAutoResizingMaskIntoConstraints 设置为NO。
· constraintsWithVisualFormat:options:metrics:views:方法的option参数可以允许调整一定范围内的view,不同于格式化字符只能影响一个view。比如使用NSLayoutFormatAlignAllTop排列可视化语言里所有view为上边缘对其。
父视图中居中子视图的技巧,利用了不均等约束和可选参数。下面代码在父视图中水平排列了一个视图
UIView *superview = theSuperView;
NSDictionary *views = NSDictionaryOfVariableBindings(superview, subview);
NSArray *c = [NSLayoutConstraint
constraintsWithVisualFormat:@"V:[superview]-(<=1)-[subview]"]
options:NSLayoutFormatAlignAllCenterX
metrics:nil
views:views];
[superview addConstraints:c];
垂直的排列一系列view,想要它们垂直方向间距一致,水平方向上所有view以他们的左边缘对齐
@implementation UIView (AutoLayoutHelpers)
+ leftAlignAndVerticallySpaceOutViews:(NSArray *)views
distance:(CGFloat)distance
{
for (NSUInteger i = 1; i < views.count; i++) {
UIView *firstView = views[i - 1];
UIView *secondView = views[I];
firstView.translatesAutoResizingMaskIntoConstraints = NO;
secondView.translatesAutoResizingMaskIntoConstraints = NO;
NSLayoutConstraint *c1 = constraintWithItem:firstView
attribute:NSLayoutAttributeBottom
relatedBy:NSLayoutRelationEqual
toItem:secondView
attribute:NSLayoutAttributeTop
multiplier:1
constant:distance];
NSLayoutConstraint *c2 = constraintWithItem:firstView
attribute:NSLayoutAttributeLeading
relatedBy:NSLayoutRelationEqual
toItem:secondView
attribute:NSLayoutAttributeLeading
multiplier:1
constant:0];
[firstView.superview addConstraints:@[c1, c2]];
}
}
@end
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