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Dictionary.com made an interesting choice with “misinformation” as its word of the year. Why not “disinformation”? One editor explained that disinformation refers to an intentional effort to spread lies; misinformation is the spreading of false information with or without that intent. In other words, Russian troll farms engage in disinformation; when unwitting Americans share those posts, that’s misinformation— which, in the end, is the bigger problem. This, too, feels older than 2018, though. “Post-truth” was Oxford’s pick in 2016.
入选单词:misinformation,来自Dictionary.com
Dictionary.com详情戳: dictionary.com:我们为什么选择misinformation
入选理由:和disinformation,故意传播误导信息不一样,misinformation是指在无意识的情况下,人们对来源不准确,内容不真实的信息进行传播,这和前者相比其实是一个更严重的问题。虽然这个单词并不是新词,但是Dictionary词典认为这个词能很好的概括这一年我们所经历的事情,比如2016美国大选期间俄罗斯有关机构创造虚假账号发布虚假信息,美国公民盲目转发传播。
该网站常驻语言学家简·所罗门说:
Misinformation frames what we've all been through in the last 12 months.
入选单词带给我们的启示:
We believe that understanding the concept of misinformation is vital to identifying misinformation, and that could ultimately help curb its impact.
我们需要理解“故意传播虚假信息”和“误传虚假信息”的概念,不盲目轻信网络信息,查询信息来源,核实内容再进行转播。在网络信息时代,这个词不管在哪一年都是热词,词背后的含义和启示不管对于哪个国家地区都很重要。
表达积累: 词性的灵活转换
这一段里提到的两个概念,意义比较相近,所以在解释的时候用的表达非常灵活,比如:
intent & intentional,spread & spreading,choice & pick
1. 四个易混单词进行一下辨析,intent,intend,intention,intentional
intent 常做形容词,表示坚决的,专注的,可以说intent on doing sth, doing sth in an intent way;做名词,是比较正式的用法,表示意图,目的。原文里用的就是with or without intent。
intend 是动词,表示计划做某事,intend to do...
intention 是名词,表示意图,打算,have no intention of...
intentional 是形容词,表示故意的,同义词是deliberate。原文里用的是an intentional effort to spread lies.
2. choice & pick
暑假大热的创造101也带火了一个单词pick,你pick哪个小姐姐呢?
和创造101风格迥然的经济学人同样也用到了pick这个单词,做名词,表示选择,是choice的同义词。当我想说真正有舞台表演实力并且有人格魅力的小姐姐是我喜欢的,我就可以说:
Performers with solid dancing or singing foundation and personal charisma are my picks.
长句解析:
In other words, Russian troll farms engage in disinformation; when unwitting Americans share those posts, that’s misinformation— which, in the end, is the bigger problem.
1. Russian troll farm 是什么
Russian troll farm外刊里还有这么一句介绍:Russian outlets have been following so-called troll farms, businesses that create fake social-media accounts to spread propaganda, since 2015。
所以指的就是,一个专门从2015年开始注册虚假账号,在社交网络上散播虚假信息的俄罗斯机构。
2. unwitting 看到这个单词第一反应觉得意思是不明智的,因为有wit,智慧这个单词,但是其实unwitting和智慧,聪明没关系,指的是“不知情的”,同义词是unaware。原句还可以这么说,美国民众是虚假信息传播不知情的受害者,但是他们在无意转发中成为了虚假信息传播的一部分:
Americans are unwitting victims of disinformation, but later become part of it when they circulate the posts or fake news unintentionally.
所以原文中整句话的意思就是,来自俄罗斯的这个机构制造宣传虚假信息,不知情的美国民众对这些虚假信息进行传播,这就是“误传信息”,到最后,后者相比前者反而是个更严重的问题。
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Several other groups are yet to name their words of the year. What else might they consider? Brexit was a source of many new words or applications. The “backstop” meant to prevent the reimposition of a hard border in Ireland is a new use for an old word. “Gammon” as a way of insulting older red-faced male Brexit supporters has the virtue of being creative, and the downside of being a sneer based on skin colour. “Cakeism” might be the most useful. After Boris Johnson, one of Brexit’s figureheads, declared that he was “pro having [cake] and pro eating it”, cakeism has neatly summed up Brexiteers’ refusal to face trade-offs.
段落大意:
有些词典还没决定好他们的年度单词。今年脱欧事件大热,热点事件层出不穷,带出了不少热词和新的表达,这一段里作者就围绕脱欧事件预测了三个可能的年度单词:backstop,gammon,cakeism。
热词解析:
1. backstop 指的是英国脱欧,北爱尔兰和爱尔兰共和国的边界线矛盾。北爱尔兰 Northern Ireland是英国的一部分,但是并不在大不列颠岛上,而是位于海那边的爱尔兰岛北部。爱尔兰共和国Republic of Ireland 是一个独立的国家,是欧盟成员国,所以在进行脱欧事宜商定的时候,北爱尔兰和爱尔兰共和国的国界线划分就成了一个矛盾点。
边界的划分在历史上造成过几次流血事件,岛上的民众也不希望一个界限严明国界线,应运而生backstop,单词是个棒球用语,可以指“挡球网,捕手”,在这里旧词新用,指“北爱尔兰保障协议”。
backstop2. gammon 指的是“腌猪腿肉”,在这里被用来讽刺红皮肤的英国脱欧支持者。
3. cakeism 在作者看来是最好用,最好概括英国脱欧态度的一个单词。中文有一句谚语,“鱼和熊掌不可兼得”,英文中对应的这么说 “You can't have a cake and eat it.” 但是英国外交大臣Boris Johnson却说 pro having [cake] and pro eating it,他们不仅要有蛋糕,还得把这个蛋糕吃掉,表明了英国在脱欧协定中什么都想要,不愿意做trade-off 取舍的态度。
cakeism表达积累:
这段话里的三个热词解释的句子写的很都好,我们来句句赏析一下。
The “backstop” meant to prevent the reimposition of a hard border in Ireland is a new use for an old word.
impose v. 强加,通常搭配用impose sth on sb,父母总是不知不觉地把个人意愿强加到孩子身上,就可以说:
Parents tend to impose their beliefs and tastes on their children with or without intent.
征税,强制征税也是用的这个单词,impose tax
原句中impose a hard border 就是指的设立一个严格的紧张的边界线,但是双方都不希望这样的情况发生,所以是 prevent the reimposition of a hard border,re-这里就是一个前缀,表示再次。
hard border“Gammon” as a way of insulting older red-faced male Brexit supporters has the virtue of being creative, and the downside of being a sneer based on skin colour.
virtue n. 指“优点,长处,美德,善行”,downside n. 指“缺点,阴暗面”,sneer 指的是“小人”,作者说Gammon 这个单词是用来讥讽上了年纪的红皮肤的脱欧支持者,一方面确实有创意,但是另一方面这却是抓着对方肤色做文章的小人行径。这个句子的句型XXX as a way of...has the virtue of..., and the downside of...就可以模仿起来。
最近支付宝花呗发了15亿红包,有的人钻空子,让人扫码付款,自己现金支付来赚红包的行为一方面确实比较有头脑,但是却是钻空子的行径,就可以这么说:
Earning money by asking people to scan the QR code and paying them back in cash has the virtue of being creative, and the downside of being a sneer manipulating small tricks.
“Cakeism” might be the most useful. After Boris Johnson, one of Brexit’s figureheads, declared that he was “pro having [cake] and pro eating it”, cakeism has neatly summed up Brexiteers’ refusal to face trade-offs.
1. figurehead 指的是“傀儡,名义上的首领”,可以用到之前学习到的ostensibly来解释,就是someone who is ostensibly the head and has little real power.
2. neat,neatly 是很好用的单词,可以表示“整齐的,干净利落的,巧妙的,棒的”
3. trade-off,之前在每日一词学习到的“权衡,取舍”。
这句话指 cakeism 能精确巧妙的总结英国脱欧对于取舍的拒绝。模仿一下这句话,nationalism能够巧妙的总结一些保守分子对于全球化趋势的反对拒绝态度:
Nationalism has neatly summed up some conservatives' refusal to face globalization.
最后,注意一个重点单词的发音,脱欧,Brexit /ˈbrek.sɪt/,这个单词的发音总是记不住,在这段文章赏析完,多次重复之后印象就非常深刻了。
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