sql语句
创建库和设置字符集
CREATE DATABASE test;
SHOW CREATE DATABASE test; 查询库
ALTER DATABASE test CHARSET utf8; 修改字符集
注意:修改字符集,修改后的字符集一定 是原字符集的严格超级
表定义
创建表
CREATE TABLE stu(
id INT NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT COMMENT '学号',
sname VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL COMMENT '姓名',
sage TINYINT UNSIGNED NOT NULL DEFAULT 0 COMMENT '年龄',
sgender ENUM('m','f','n') NOT NULL DEFAULT 'n' COMMENT '性别' ,
sfz CHAR(18) NOT NULL UNIQUE COMMENT '身份证',
intime TIMESTAMP NOT NULL DEFAULT NOW() COMMENT '入学时间'
) ENGINE=INNODB CHARSET=utf8 COMMENT '学生表';
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#约束总结
1.非空约束 NOT NULL
2.唯一约束 UNIQUE
3.主键约束 PRIMARY KEY (自增 AUTO_INCREMENT)
4.默认约束 DEFAULT
5.检查约束 CHECK
6.外键约束 FOREIGN KEY
建表规范
1.表名小写
2.不能是数字开头
3.注意字符集和存储引擎
4.表名和业务相关
5.选择合适的数据类型
6.每个列都要有注释
7.每个列设置为非空,无法保证非空,用0来填充。
删除 (生产中禁用命令)
drop table sch; 删表
在stu表中添加列信息
DESC stu; 查看列信息
ALTER TABLE stu ADD qq VARCHAR (20) NOT NULL UNIQUE COMMENT 'qq号';
ALTER TABLE stu ADD weixin VARCHAR (20) NOT NULL UNIQUE COMMENT '微信号' AFTER sname;
ALTER TABLE stu ADD tel VARCHAR (20) NOT NULL UNIQUE COMMENT '手机号' FIRST;
修改sname数据类型的属性
ALTER TABLE stu MODIFY sname VARCHAR(128) NOT NULL ;
将sgender 改为 sg 数据类型改为 CHAR 类型
ALTER TABLE stu CHANGE sgender sg CHAR(1) NOT NULL DEFAULT 'n' ;
DESC stu;
4.3.4 表属性查询(DQL)
use school 切换库
show tables;显示库所有表
desc stu; 显示表所有列
show create table stu;
CREATE TABLE ceshi LIKE stu;
- DCL 数据控制语言
grant 授权权限
revoke 回收权限
- DML 数据操作语言
6.1 作用
对表中的数据行进行增、删、改
6.2 insert
--- 最标准的insert语句
INSERT INTO stu(id,sname,sage,sg,sfz,intime)
VALUES
(1,'zs',18,'m','123456',NOW());
SELECT * FROM stu;
--- 省事的写法
INSERT INTO stu
VALUES
(2,'ls',18,'m','1234567',NOW());
--- 针对性的录入数据
INSERT INTO stu(sname,sfz)
VALUES ('w5','34445788');
--- 同时录入多行数据
INSERT INTO stu(sname,sfz)
VALUES
('w55','3444578d8'),
('m6','1212313'),
('aa','123213123123');
SELECT * FROM stu;
6.3 update
DESC stu;
SELECT * FROM stu;
UPDATE stu SET sname='zhao4' WHERE id=2;
注意:update语句必须要加where。
6.4 delete(危险!!)
DELETE FROM stu WHERE id=3;
全表删除:
DELETE FROM stu
truncate table stu;
区别:
delete: DML操作, 是逻辑性质删除,逐行进行删除,速度慢.
truncate: DDL操作,对与表段中的数据页进行清空,速度快.
伪删除:用update来替代delete,最终保证业务中查不到(select)即可
1.添加状态列
ALTER TABLE stu ADD state TINYINT NOT NULL DEFAULT 1 ;
SELECT * FROM stu;
2. UPDATE 替代 DELETE
UPDATE stu SET state=0 WHERE id=6;
3. 业务语句查询
SELECT * FROM stu WHERE state=1;
- DQL应用(select )
7.1 单独使用
-- select @@xxx 查看系统参数
SELECT @@port;
SELECT @@basedir;
SELECT @@datadir;
SELECT @@socket;
SELECT @@server_id;
-- select 函数();
SELECT NOW();
SELECT DATABASE();
SELECT USER();
SELECT CONCAT("hello world");
SELECT CONCAT(USER,"@",HOST) FROM mysql.user;
SELECT GROUP_CONCAT(USER,"@",HOST) FROM mysql.user;
https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/func-op-summary-ref.html?tdsourcetag=s_pcqq_aiomsg
7.2 单表子句-from
SELECT 列1,列2 FROM 表
SELECT * FROM 表
例子:
-- 查询stu中所有的数据(不要对大表进行操作)
SELECT * FROM stu ;
-- 查询stu表中,学生姓名和入学时间
SELECT sname , intime FROM stu;
=====================
oldguo带大家学单词:
world ===>世界
city ===>城市
country ===>国家
countrylanguage ===>国家语言
city:城市表
DESC city;
ID : 城市ID
NAME : 城市名
CountryCode: 国家代码,比如中国CHN 美国USA
District : 区域
Population : 人口
SHOW CREATE TABLE city;
SELECT * FROM city WHERE id<10;
======================
7.3 单表子句-where
SELECT col1,col2 FROM TABLE WHERE colN 条件;
7.3.1 where配合等值查询
例子:
-- 查询中国(CHN)所有城市信息
SELECT * FROM city WHERE countrycode='CHN';
-- 查询北京市的信息
SELECT * FROM city WHERE NAME='peking';
-- 查询甘肃省所有城市信息
SELECT * FROM city WHERE district='gansu';
7.3.2 where配合比较操作符(> < >= <= <>)
例子:
-- 查询世界上少于100人的城市
SELECT * FROM city WHERE population<100;
7.3.3 where配合逻辑运算符(and or )
例子:
-- 中国人口数量大于500w
SELECT * FROM city WHERE countrycode='CHN' AND population>5000000;
-- 中国或美国城市信息
SELECT * FROM city WHERE countrycode='CHN' OR countrycode='USA';
7.3.4 where配合模糊查询
例子:
-- 查询省的名字前面带guang开头的
SELECT * FROM city WHERE district LIKE 'guang%';
注意:%不能放在前面,因为不走索引.
7.3.5 where配合in语句
-- 中国或美国城市信息
SELECT * FROM city WHERE countrycode IN ('CHN' ,'USA');
7.3.6 where配合between and
例子:
-- 查询世界上人口数量大于100w小于200w的城市信息
SELECT * FROM city WHERE population >1000000 AND population <2000000;
SELECT * FROM city WHERE population BETWEEN 1000000 AND 2000000;
7.4 group by + 常用聚合函数
7.4.1 作用
根据 by后面的条件进行分组,方便统计,by后面跟一个列或多个列
7.4.2 常用聚合函数
**max()** :最大值
**min()** :最小值
**avg()** :平均值
**sum()** :总和
**count()** :个数
group_concat() : 列转行
7.4.3 GROUP BY + 聚合函数公式
d
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7.4.4 例子:
例子1:统计世界上每个国家的总人口数.
USE world
SELECT countrycode ,SUM(population) FROM city GROUP BY countrycode;
例子2: 统计中国各个省的总人口数量(练习)
SELECT district,SUM(Population) FROM city WHERE countrycode='chn' GROUP BY district;
例子3:统计世界上每个国家的城市数量(练习)
SELECT countrycode,COUNT(id) FROM city GROUP BY countrycode;
7.5 having
where|group|having
例子4:统计中国每个省的总人口数,只打印总人口数小于100
SELECT district,SUM(Population)
FROM city
WHERE countrycode='chn'
GROUP BY district
HAVING SUM(Population) < 1000000 ;
7.6 order by + limit
7.6.1 作用
实现先排序,by后添加条件列
7.5.2 应用案例
- 查看中国所有的城市,并按人口数进行排序(从大到小)
SELECT * FROM city WHERE countrycode='CHN' ORDER BY population DESC;
- 统计中国各个省的总人口数量,按照总人口从大到小排序
SELECT district AS 省 ,SUM(Population) AS 总人口
FROM city
WHERE countrycode='chn'
GROUP BY district
ORDER BY 总人口 DESC ;
- 统计中国,每个省的总人口,找出总人口大于500w的,并按总人口从大到小排序,只显示前三名
SELECT district, SUM(population) FROM city
WHERE countrycode='CHN'
GROUP BY district
HAVING SUM(population)>5000000
ORDER BY SUM(population) DESC
LIMIT 3 ;
LIMIT N ,M --->跳过N,显示一共M行
LIMIT 5,5
SELECT district, SUM(population) FROM city
WHERE countrycode='CHN'
GROUP BY district
HAVING SUM(population)>5000000
ORDER BY SUM(population) DESC
LIMIT 5,5;
7.6 distinct:去重复
SELECT countrycode FROM city ;
SELECT DISTINCT(countrycode) FROM city ;
7.7 联合查询- union all
-- 中国或美国城市信息
SELECT * FROM city
WHERE countrycode IN ('CHN' ,'USA');
SELECT * FROM city WHERE countrycode='CHN'
UNION ALL
SELECT * FROM city WHERE countrycode='USA'
说明:一般情况下,我们会将 IN 或者 OR 语句 改写成 UNION ALL,来提高性能
UNION 去重复
UNION ALL 不去重复
7.7 join 多表连接查询
7.7.1 语法
7.5 order by + limit
7.5.1 作用
实现先排序,by后添加条件列
7.5.2 应用案例
1. 查看中国所有的城市,并按人口数进行排序(从大到小)
SELECT * FROM city WHERE countrycode='CHN' ORDER BY population DESC;
2. 统计中国各个省的总人口数量,按照总人口从大到小排序
SELECT district AS 省 ,SUM(Population) AS 总人口
FROM city
WHERE countrycode='chn'
GROUP BY district
ORDER BY 总人口 DESC ;
3. 统计中国各个省的总人口数量,按照总人口从大到小排序,只取6-10
SELECT district AS 省 ,SUM(Population) AS 总人口
FROM city
WHERE countrycode='chn'
GROUP BY district
ORDER BY 总人口 DESC
LIMIT 5 , 5 ;
或者:
SELECT district AS 省 ,SUM(Population) AS 总人口
FROM city
WHERE countrycode='chn'
GROUP BY district
ORDER BY 总人口 DESC
LIMIT 5 OFFSET 5 ;
SELECT district AS 省 ,SUM(Population) AS 总人口
FROM city
WHERE countrycode='chn'
GROUP BY district
ORDER BY 总人口 DESC
LIMIT 2 , 5 ;
SELECT district AS 省 ,SUM(Population) AS 总人口
FROM city
WHERE countrycode='chn'
GROUP BY district
ORDER BY 总人口 DESC
LIMIT 10 ;
SELECT district AS 省 ,SUM(Population) AS 总人口
FROM city
WHERE countrycode='chn'
GROUP BY district
ORDER BY 总人口 DESC
LIMIT 5 OFFSET 2 ;
7.6 distinct:去重复
SELECT countrycode FROM city ;
SELECT DISTINCT(countrycode) FROM city ;
7.7 join 多表连接查询
7.7.0 案例准备
按需求创建一下表结构:
use school
student :学生表
sno: 学号
sname:学生姓名
sage: 学生年龄
ssex: 学生性别
teacher :教师表
tno: 教师编号
tname:教师名字
course :课程表
cno: 课程编号
cname:课程名字
tno: 教师编号
score :成绩表
sno: 学号
cno: 课程编号
score:成绩
-- 项目构建
drop database school;
CREATE DATABASE school CHARSET utf8;
USE school
CREATE TABLE student(
sno INT NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT COMMENT '学号',
sname VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL COMMENT '姓名',
sage TINYINT UNSIGNED NOT NULL COMMENT '年龄',
ssex ENUM('f','m') NOT NULL DEFAULT 'm' COMMENT '性别'
)ENGINE=INNODB CHARSET=utf8;
CREATE TABLE course(
cno INT NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY COMMENT '课程编号',
cname VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL COMMENT '课程名字',
tno INT NOT NULL COMMENT '教师编号'
)ENGINE=INNODB CHARSET utf8;
CREATE TABLE sc (
sno INT NOT NULL COMMENT '学号',
cno INT NOT NULL COMMENT '课程编号',
score INT NOT NULL DEFAULT 0 COMMENT '成绩'
)ENGINE=INNODB CHARSET=utf8;
CREATE TABLE teacher(
tno INT NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY COMMENT '教师编号',
tname VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL COMMENT '教师名字'
)ENGINE=INNODB CHARSET utf8;
INSERT INTO student(sno,sname,sage,ssex)
VALUES (1,'zhang3',18,'m');
INSERT INTO student(sno,sname,sage,ssex)
VALUES
(2,'zhang4',18,'m'),
(3,'li4',18,'m'),
(4,'wang5',19,'f');
INSERT INTO student
VALUES
(5,'zh4',18,'m'),
(6,'zhao4',18,'m'),
(7,'ma6',19,'f');
INSERT INTO student(sname,sage,ssex)
VALUES
('oldboy',20,'m'),
('oldgirl',20,'f'),
('oldp',25,'m');
INSERT INTO teacher(tno,tname) VALUES
(101,'oldboy'),
(102,'hesw'),
(103,'oldguo');
DESC course;
INSERT INTO course(cno,cname,tno)
VALUES
(1001,'linux',101),
(1002,'python',102),
(1003,'mysql',103);
DESC sc;
INSERT INTO sc(sno,cno,score)
VALUES
(1,1001,80),
(1,1002,59),
(2,1002,90),
(2,1003,100),
(3,1001,99),
(3,1003,40),
(4,1001,79),
(4,1002,61),
(4,1003,99),
(5,1003,40),
(6,1001,89),
(6,1003,77),
(7,1001,67),
(7,1003,82),
(8,1001,70),
(9,1003,80),
(10,1003,96);
SELECT * FROM student;
SELECT * FROM teacher;
SELECT * FROM course;
SELECT * FROM sc;
7.7.1 语法
image查询张三的家庭住址
SELECT A.name,B.address FROM
A JOIN B
ON A.id=B.id
WHERE A.name='zhangsan'
7.7.2 例子:
- 查询一下世界上人口数量小于100人的城市名和国家名
SELECT b.name ,a.name ,a.population
FROM city AS a
JOIN country AS b
ON b.code=a.countrycode
WHERE a.Population<100
- 查询城市shenyang,城市人口,所在国家名(name)及国土面积(SurfaceArea)
SELECT a.name,a.population,b.name ,b.SurfaceArea
FROM city AS a JOIN country AS b
ON a.countrycode=b.code
WHERE a.name='shenyang';
7.7.3 别名
列别名,表别名
SELECT
a.Name AS an ,
b.name AS bn ,
b.SurfaceArea AS bs,
a.Population AS bp
FROM city AS a JOIN country AS b
ON a.CountryCode=b.Code
WHERE a.name ='shenyang';
7.7.4 多表SQL练习题
- 统计zhang3,学习了几门课
SELECT st.sname , COUNT(sc.cno)
FROM student AS st
JOIN
sc
ON st.sno=sc.sno
WHERE st.sname='zhang3'
- 查询zhang3,学习的课程名称有哪些?
SELECT st.sname , GROUP_CONCAT(co.cname)
FROM student AS st
JOIN sc
ON st.sno=sc.sno
JOIN course AS co
ON sc.cno=co.cno
WHERE st.sname='zhang3'
- 查询oldguo老师教的学生名.
SELECT te.tname ,GROUP_CONCAT(st.sname)
FROM student AS st
JOIN sc
ON st.sno=sc.sno
JOIN course AS co
ON sc.cno=co.cno
JOIN teacher AS te
ON co.tno=te.tno
WHERE te.tname='oldguo';
- 查询oldguo所教课程的平均分数
SELECT te.tname,AVG(sc.score)
FROM teacher AS te
JOIN course AS co
ON te.tno=co.tno
JOIN sc
ON co.cno=sc.cno
WHERE te.tname='oldguo'
4.1 每位老师所教课程的平均分,并按平均分排序
SELECT te.tname,AVG(sc.score)
FROM teacher AS te
JOIN course AS co
ON te.tno=co.tno
JOIN sc
ON co.cno=sc.cno
GROUP BY te.tname
ORDER BY AVG(sc.score) DESC ;
- 查询oldguo所教的不及格的学生姓名
SELECT te.tname,st.sname,sc.score
FROM teacher AS te
JOIN course AS co
ON te.tno=co.tno
JOIN sc
ON co.cno=sc.cno
JOIN student AS st
ON sc.sno=st.sno
WHERE te.tname='oldguo' AND sc.score<60;
5.1 查询所有老师所教学生不及格的信息
SELECT te.tname,st.sname,sc.score
FROM teacher AS te
JOIN course AS co
ON te.tno=co.tno
JOIN sc
ON co.cno=sc.cno
JOIN student AS st
ON sc.sno=st.sno
WHERE sc.score<60;
7.7.5 综合练习
1\. 查询平均成绩大于60分的同学的学号和平均成绩;
2\. 查询所有同学的学号、姓名、选课数、总成绩;
3\. 查询各科成绩最高和最低的分:以如下形式显示:课程ID,最高分,最低分
4\. 统计各位老师,所教课程的及格率
5\. 查询每门课程被选修的学生数
6\. 查询出只选修了一门课程的全部学生的学号和姓名
7\. 查询选修课程门数超过1门的学生信息
8\. 统计每门课程:优秀(85分以上),良好(70-85),一般(60-70),不及格(小于60)的学生列表
9\. 查询平均成绩大于85的所有学生的学号、姓名和平均成绩
8.information_schema.tables视图
DESC information_schema.TABLES
TABLE_SCHEMA ---->库名
TABLE_NAME ---->表名
ENGINE ---->引擎
TABLE_ROWS ---->表的行数
AVG_ROW_LENGTH ---->表中行的平均行(字节)
INDEX_LENGTH ---->索引的占用空间大小(字节)
例子:
- 查询整个数据库中所有库和所对应的表信息
SELECT table_schema,GROUP_CONCAT(table_name)
FROM information_schema.tables
GROUP BY table_schema;
- 统计所有库下的表个数
SELECT table_schema,COUNT(table_name)
FROM information_schema.TABLES
GROUP BY table_schema
- 查询所有innodb引擎的表及所在的库
SELECT table_schema,table_name,ENGINE FROM information_schema.`TABLES`
WHERE ENGINE='innodb';
- 统计world数据库下每张表的磁盘空间占用
SELECT table_name,CONCAT((TABLE_ROWS*AVG_ROW_LENGTH+INDEX_LENGTH)/1024," KB") AS size_KB
FROM information_schema.tables WHERE TABLE_SCHEMA='world';
SELECT table_name,table_rows FROM information_schema.tables WHERE table_schema='EASYTAXI' ORDER BY table_rows DESC ;
查看EASYTAXI库每张表有多少条数据
- 统计所有数据库的总的磁盘空间占用
SELECT
TABLE_SCHEMA,
CONCAT(SUM(TABLE_ROWS*AVG_ROW_LENGTH+INDEX_LENGTH)/1024," KB") AS Total_KB
FROM information_schema.tables
GROUP BY table_schema;
mysql -uroot -p123 -e "SELECT TABLE_SCHEMA,CONCAT(SUM(TABLE_ROWS*AVG_ROW_LENGTH+INDEX_LENGTH)/1024,' KB') AS Total_KB FROM information_schema.tables GROUP BY table_schema;"
- 生成整个数据库下的所有表的单独备份语句
模板语句:
mysqldump -uroot -p123 world city >/tmp/world_city.sql
SELECT CONCAT("mysqldump -uroot -p123 ",table_schema," ",table_name," >/tmp/",table_schema,"_",table_name,".sql" )
FROM information_schema.tables
WHERE table_schema NOT IN('information_schema','performance_schema','sys')
INTO OUTFILE '/tmp/bak.sh' ;
CONCAT("mysqldump -uroot -p123 ",table_schema," ",table_name," >/tmp/",table_schema,"_",table_name,".sql" )
- 107张表,都需要执行以下2条语句
ALTER TABLE world.city DISCARD TABLESPACE;
ALTER TABLE world.city IMPORT TABLESPACE;
SELECT CONCAT("alter table ",table_schema,".",table_name," discard tablespace")
FROM information_schema.tables
WHERE table_schema='world'
INTO OUTFILE '/tmp/dis.sql';
8.查询单个库的大小
select TABLE_SCHEMA ,CONCAT(SUM(TABLE_ROWS*AVG_ROW_LENGTH+INDEX_LENGTH)/1024/1024," MB") AS Total_KB FROM information_schema.tables WHERE TABLE_SCHEMA='EASYTAXI';
9.查看表分区
select
partition_name part,
partition_expression expr,
partition_description descr,
table_rows
from information_schema.partitions where
table_schema = schema()
and table_name='TAXIMETER';
把下面的 TAXIMETER 更换成你要查道询的内分区表的容名字
9. show 命令 ***
show databases;#查看所有数据库
show tables; #查看当前库的所有表
SHOW TABLES FROM #查看某个指定库下的表
show create database world #查看建库语句
show create table world.city #查看建表语句
show grants for root@'localhost' #查看用户的权限信息
show charset; #查看字符集
show collation #查看校对规则
show processlist; #查看数据库连接情况
show index from #表的索引情况
show status #数据库状态查看
SHOW STATUS LIKE '%lock%'; #模糊查询数据库某些状态
SHOW VARIABLES #查看所有配置信息
SHOW variables LIKE '%lock%'; #查看部分配置信息
show engines #查看支持的所有的存储引擎
show engine innodb status\G #查看InnoDB引擎相关的状态信息
show binary logs #列举所有的二进制日志
show master status #查看数据库的日志位置信息
show binlog evnets in #查看二进制日志事件
show slave status \G #查看从库状态
desc (show colums from city) #查看表的列定义信息
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/show.html
10 多表查询
内连接
隐式内连接
select 字段列表 from 表1,表2 where 条件 ... ;
显式内连接
select 字段列表 from 表1 [inner] join 表2 on 连接条件 ... ;
image.png
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