Java-设计模式-观察者模式

作者: 在南方的北方人_Elijah | 来源:发表于2017-02-27 23:45 被阅读73次

    观察者模式原理

    Internet气象站项目,普通的OO设计方案有问题。

    1. Internet气象站项目:
    • 提供温度、气压和湿度的接口
    • 测量数据更新时需试试通知给第三方
    • 需要设计开放型API,便于其他第三方公司也能接入气象站获取数据
    1. WeatherData类
    B0A20A52-5606-4344-B078-82D3A9C053FF.png

    在第三方获取数据的时候,datachange()函数里就要去通知相应的类,造成一个代码的重复。那么在这里的一个解决的办法就是将被通知的类抽象,在气象站类里进行注册,气象站会向在列表中的对象发放通知提醒,这样气象站就不需要重新编译停下来。


    211B655D-BD17-4C77-9431-2C5421F3A292.png

    原理

    1. 观察者模式就像定牛奶
    • 奶站 subject
    • 用户 observer
    1. Subject:登记注册、移除和通知
    F4EA6556-2133-4F57-83D9-46CF413EC995.png
    1. Observer:接收输入
    889781EC-20AE-4888-959F-3394B92C9C97.png
    1. 观察者模式:对象之间多对一依赖的一种设计方案,被依赖的对象为Subject,依赖的对象为Observer,Subject通知Observer变化。

    用观察者重新设计的方案

    A96C1550-CA4F-43C6-91C6-66FAC34DA0F6.png

    首先定义subject接口,用于注册删除通知其他观察者

    public interface Subject {
        public void registerObserver(Observer o);
        public void removeObserver(Observer o);
        public void notifyObservers();
    }
    

    然后定义Observer接口,用于接收更新的数据

    public interface Observer {
        public void update(float mTemperatrue,float mPressure,float mHumidity);
    }
    

    定义subject的气象站实现类 用于发送数据 注册观察者
    在这里用了一个ArrayList数组来保存观察者,相当于一个注册表的功能

    public class WeatherDataSt implements Subject{
        
        private float mTemperatrue;
        private float mPressure;
        private float mHumidity;
        private ArrayList<Observer> mObservers;
        public WeatherDataSt()
        {
            mObservers=new ArrayList<Observer>();
        }
        
        public float getTemperature()
        {
            return mTemperatrue;
            
        }
        
        public float getPressure()
        {
            return mPressure;
            
        }
        
        public float getHumidity()
        {
            return mHumidity;
            
        }
        public void dataChange()
        {
            notifyObservers();
        }
    
        
    
        
        
        
        public void setData(float mTemperatrue,float mPressure,float mHumidity)
        {
            this.mTemperatrue=mTemperatrue;
            this.mPressure=mPressure;
            this.mHumidity=mHumidity;
            dataChange();
        }
    
        @Override
        public void registerObserver(Observer o) {
            // TODO Auto-generated method stub
            mObservers.add(o);
        }
    
        @Override
        public void removeObserver(Observer o) {
            // TODO Auto-generated method stub
            if(mObservers.contains(o))
            {mObservers.remove(o);}
        }
    
        @Override
        public void notifyObservers() {
            // TODO Auto-generated method stub
            for(int i=0,len=mObservers.size();i<len;i++)
            {
                mObservers.get(i).update(getTemperature(), getPressure(), getHumidity());
            }
        }
    
    }
    

    定义两个观察者实现类,update用于接收数据,display用于打印

    public class ForcastConditions implements Observer{
        private float mTemperatrue;
        private float mPressure;
        private float mHumidity;
        @Override
        public void update(float mTemperatrue, float mPressure, float mHumidity) {
            // TODO Auto-generated method stub
            this.mTemperatrue=mTemperatrue;
            this.mPressure=mPressure;
            this.mHumidity=mHumidity;
            
            display();
        }
        public void display()
        {
            System.out.println("**明天温度:"+(mTemperatrue+Math.random())+"**");
            System.out.println("**明天气压:"+(mPressure+10*Math.random())+"**");
            System.out.println("**明天湿度:"+(mHumidity+Math.random())+"**");
        }
    }
    
    public class CurrentConditions implements Observer {
    
        private float mTemperatrue;
        private float mPressure;
        private float mHumidity;
    
        @Override
        public void update(float mTemperatrue, float mPressure, float mHumidity) {
            // TODO Auto-generated method stub
            this.mHumidity = mHumidity;
            this.mPressure = mPressure;
            this.mTemperatrue = mTemperatrue;
            display();
        }
        public void display() {
            System.out.println("***Today mTemperatrue:" + mTemperatrue + "***");
            System.out.println("***Today mPressure:" + mPressure + "***");
            System.out.println("***Today mHumidity:" + mHumidity + "***");
        }
    }
    

    下民是一个测试类

    public class InternetWeather {
    
        public static void main(String[] args) {
            
            CurrentConditions mCurrentConditions;
            ForcastConditions mForcastConditions;
            WeatherDataSt mWeatherDataSt;
            
            mWeatherDataSt=new WeatherDataSt();
            mCurrentConditions=new CurrentConditions();
            mForcastConditions=new ForcastConditions();
            
            mWeatherDataSt.registerObserver(mCurrentConditions);
            mWeatherDataSt.registerObserver(mForcastConditions);
            
            mWeatherDataSt.setData(30, 150, 40);
            mWeatherDataSt.removeObserver(mCurrentConditions);
            mWeatherDataSt.setData(40, 250, 50);
        }
    }
    

    其实观察者模式的想法就是基于插销原理,实现一个主类一直运行,然后获取数据的接口类一个可插拔解耦。

    Java中的观察者模式

    Java中其实也有已经实现的观察者的类,那么subject类集成Observable类,变成一个主站,其他两个接收数据的子类实现Observer接口,成为一个观察者,主站可以调用nofityObservers方法来通知观察者。那么观察者这里接收数据,java给了两个选择,一种是主站推数据,一种是观察者拉数据,选择自己需要的数据进行获取。
    下面贴出示例代码 不做解释

    public class WeatherData extends Observable{
        private float mTemperatrue;
        private float mPressure;
        private float mHumidity;
        
        public float getTemperature()
        {
            return mTemperatrue;
            
        }
        
        public float getPressure()
        {
            return mPressure;
            
        }
        
        public float getHumidity()
        {
            return mHumidity;
            
        }
        
        
        public void dataChange()
        {
            this.setChanged();
            this.notifyObservers(new Data(getTemperature(),getPressure(),getHumidity()));
            
        }
        
        
        public void setData(float mTemperatrue,float mPressure,float mHumidity)
        {
            this.mTemperatrue=mTemperatrue;
            this.mPressure=mPressure;
            this.mHumidity=mHumidity;
            dataChange();
        }
        
        public class Data
        {
            public float mTemperatrue;
            public float mPressure;
            public float mHumidity;
            public Data(float mTemperatrue,float mPressure,float mHumidity)
            {
                this.mTemperatrue=mTemperatrue;
                this.mPressure=mPressure;
                this.mHumidity=mHumidity;
            }
        }
        
    }
    
    
    public class ForcastConditions implements Observer  {
        
        private float mTemperatrue;
        private float mPressure;
        private float mHumidity;
        @Override
        public void update(Observable arg0, Object arg1) {
            // TODO Auto-generated method stub
            this.mTemperatrue=((Data)(arg1)).mTemperatrue;
            this.mPressure=((Data)(arg1)).mPressure;
            this.mHumidity=((Data)(arg1)).mHumidity;
            display();
        }
        
        public void display()
        {
            System.out.println("***Tomorrow mTemperatrue:" +(mTemperatrue+1)+"***");
            System.out.println("***Tomorrow mPressure:" +(mPressure+1)+"***");
            System.out.println("***Tomorrow mHumidity:" +(mHumidity+1)+"***");
        }
        
        
    }
    
    public class ForcastConditions implements Observer  {
        
        private float mTemperatrue;
        private float mPressure;
        private float mHumidity;
        @Override
        public void update(Observable arg0, Object arg1) {
            // TODO Auto-generated method stub
            this.mTemperatrue=((Data)(arg1)).mTemperatrue;
            this.mPressure=((Data)(arg1)).mPressure;
            this.mHumidity=((Data)(arg1)).mHumidity;
            display();
        }
        
        public void display()
        {
            System.out.println("***Tomorrow mTemperatrue:" +(mTemperatrue+1)+"***");
            System.out.println("***Tomorrow mPressure:" +(mPressure+1)+"***");
            System.out.println("***Tomorrow mHumidity:" +(mHumidity+1)+"***");
        }
    }
    
    public class CurrentConditions implements Observer {
        
        private float mTemperatrue;
        private float mPressure;
        private float mHumidity;
        @Override
        public void update(Observable arg0, Object arg1) {
            // TODO Auto-generated method stub
            this.mTemperatrue=((Data)(arg1)).mTemperatrue;
            this.mPressure=((Data)(arg1)).mPressure;
            this.mHumidity=((Data)(arg1)).mHumidity;
            display();
        }
        
        public void display()
        {
            System.out.println("***Today mTemperatrue:" +mTemperatrue+"***");
            System.out.println("***Today mPressure:" +mPressure+"***");
            System.out.println("***Today mHumidity:" +mHumidity+"***");
        }   
    }
    
    public class InternetWeather {
        public static void main(String[] args) {
            CurrentConditions mCurrentConditions;
            ForcastConditions mForcastConditions;
            WeatherData mWeatherData;
             
            mCurrentConditions=new CurrentConditions();
            mForcastConditions=new ForcastConditions();
            mWeatherData=new WeatherData();
            
            mWeatherData.addObserver(mCurrentConditions);
            mWeatherData.addObserver(mForcastConditions);
            mWeatherData.setData(30, 150, 40);
            
            mWeatherData.deleteObserver(mCurrentConditions);
            mWeatherData.setData(35, 150, 60);
            
        }
    }
    

    观察者模式关键点

    • 松耦合 高内聚 隔离影响
    • java内置观察者使用注意点。Observable是一个类,只能继承,而java又是单继承的,所以要注意这一点。

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