以下内容部分为网络收集和整理，为个人学习笔记复习使用

串口 Serial

用于控制板和一台计算机或其他设备之间的通信。所有的控制板有至少一个串口(又称作为UART或USART)。它通过0(RX)和1(TX)数字引脚经过串口转换芯片连接计算机USB端口与计算机进行通信。因此，如果你使用这些功能的同时你不能使用引脚0和1作为输入或输出。

Mega2560 有三个额外的串口：Serial 1使用19(RX)和18(TX)，Serial 2使用17(RX)和16(TX)，Serial3使用15(RX)和14(TX)。

串口、COM口是指的物理接口形式(硬件)。而TTL、RS-232、RS-485是指的电平标准(电信号)

TTL串口设备 TTL标准是低电平为0，高电平为1（+5V电平）

• 高电平3.6~5V，
• 低电平0V~2.4V

RS232串口; 标准是正电平为0，负电平为1

• －15v ~ －3v 代表1
• ＋3v ~ ＋15v 代表0

Serial 1通过0(RX)和1(TX)

将TX引脚连接到您的设备的RX引脚，将RX引脚连接到您的设备的TX引脚

内置的串口监视器：点击工具栏上的串口监视器按钮
调用begin()函数（选择相同的波特率）。

函数

if (Serial)
指定的串口是否准备好
available()
获取已经传输到，并存储在串行接收缓冲区（能够存储64个字节）的数据的有效的字节数（字符）。
begin()
设置串行数据传输速率 位/秒（波特）
end()
停用串行通信，使RX和TX引脚用于一般输入和输出。要重新使用串行通信, 需要 Serial.begin()语句。
find()
Serial.find(target)从串行缓冲器中读取数据，直到发现给定长度的目标字符串。如果找到目标字符串，该函数返回true，如果超时则返回false
findUntil()
从串行缓冲区读取数据，直到找到一个给定的长度或字符串终止位。
flush()
等待超出的串行数据完成传输。（不再是丢弃所有进入缓存器的串行数据。）
parseFloat()
从串口缓冲区返回第一个有效的浮点数
parseInt()
查找传入的串行数据流中的下一个有效的整数
peek()
返回传入的串行数据的下一个字节（字符），而不是进入内部串行缓冲器调取。也就是说，连续调用 peek()将返回相同的字符，与调用read()方法相同。
print()
以人们可读的ASCII文本形式打印数据到串口输出
println()
输出人们可识别的ASCII码文本并回车 (ASCII 13, 或 '\r') 及换行(ASCII 10, 或 '\n')
read()
读取传入的串口的数据，返回传入的串口数据的第一个字节（或-1，如果没有可用的数据）
readBytes()
从串口读字符到一个缓冲区
readBytesUntil()
将字符从串行缓冲区读取到一个数组，直到检测到终止字符，或预设的读取长度读取完毕，或者时间到了
setTimeout()
设置使用Serial.readBytesUntil() 或Serial.readBytes()时等待串口数据的最大毫秒值. 默认为1000毫秒
write()
写入二制数据到串口。发送的数据以一个字节或者一系列的字节为单位。如果写入的数字为字符，需使用print()命令进行代替。
SerialEvent()
在数据可用时调用，使用Serial.read()来捕获这些数据。注：目前的serialEvent()不与ATMEGA32U4核心兼容。

示例

文件 示例 \examples\04.Communication

Graph

void setup() {
  // initialize the serial communication:
  Serial.begin(9600);
}

void loop() {
  // send the value of analog input 0:
  Serial.println(analogRead(A0));
  // wait a bit for the analog-to-digital converter
  // to stabilize after the last reading:
  delay(2);
}

Physical Pixel

const int ledPin = 13; // the pin that the LED is attached to
int incomingByte;      // a variable to read incoming serial data into

void setup() {
  // initialize serial communication:
  Serial.begin(9600);
  // initialize the LED pin as an output:
  pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT);
}

void loop() {
  // see if there's incoming serial data:
  if (Serial.available() > 0) {
    // read the oldest byte in the serial buffer:
    incomingByte = Serial.read();
    // if it's a capital H (ASCII 72), turn on the LED:
    if (incomingByte == 'H') {
      digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH);
    }
    // if it's an L (ASCII 76) turn off the LED:
    if (incomingByte == 'L') {
      digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW);
    }
  }
}

Dimmer

const int ledPin = 9;      // the pin that the LED is attached to

void setup() {
  // initialize the serial communication:
  Serial.begin(9600);
  // initialize the ledPin as an output:
  pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT);
}

void loop() {
  byte brightness;

  // check if data has been sent from the computer:
  if (Serial.available()) {
    // read the most recent byte (which will be from 0 to 255):
    brightness = Serial.read();
    // set the brightness of the LED:
    analogWrite(ledPin, brightness);
  }
}

Virtual Color Mixer

const int redPin = A0;      // sensor to control red color
const int greenPin = A1;    // sensor to control green color
const int bluePin = A2;     // sensor to control blue color

void setup() {
  Serial.begin(9600);
}

void loop() {
  Serial.print(analogRead(redPin));
  Serial.print(",");
  Serial.print(analogRead(greenPin));
  Serial.print(",");
  Serial.println(analogRead(bluePin));
}

ReadASCIIString

// pins for the LEDs:
const int redPin = 3;
const int greenPin = 5;
const int bluePin = 6;

void setup() {
  // initialize serial:
  Serial.begin(9600);
  // make the pins outputs:
  pinMode(redPin, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(greenPin, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(bluePin, OUTPUT);

}

void loop() {
  // if there's any serial available, read it:
  while (Serial.available() > 0) {

    // look for the next valid integer in the incoming serial stream:
    int red = Serial.parseInt();
    // do it again:
    int green = Serial.parseInt();
    // do it again:
    int blue = Serial.parseInt();

    // look for the newline. That's the end of your
    // sentence:
    if (Serial.read() == '\n') {
      // constrain the values to 0 - 255 and invert
      // if you're using a common-cathode LED, just use "constrain(color, 0, 255);"
      red = 255 - constrain(red, 0, 255);
      green = 255 - constrain(green, 0, 255);
      blue = 255 - constrain(blue, 0, 255);

      // fade the red, green, and blue legs of the LED:
      analogWrite(redPin, red);
      analogWrite(greenPin, green);
      analogWrite(bluePin, blue);

      // print the three numbers in one string as hexadecimal:
      Serial.print(red, HEX);
      Serial.print(green, HEX);
      Serial.println(blue, HEX);
    }
  }
}

ASCII Table

void setup() {
  //Initialize serial and wait for port to open:
  Serial.begin(9600);
  while (!Serial) {
    ; // wait for serial port to connect. Needed for native USB port only
  }

  // prints title with ending line break
  Serial.println("ASCII Table ~ Character Map");
}

// first visible ASCIIcharacter '!' is number 33:
int thisByte = 33;
// you can also write ASCII characters in single quotes.
// for example. '!' is the same as 33, so you could also use this:
//int thisByte = '!';

void loop() {
  // prints value unaltered, i.e. the raw binary version of the
  // byte. The serial monitor interprets all bytes as
  // ASCII, so 33, the first number,  will show up as '!'
  Serial.write(thisByte);

  Serial.print(", dec: ");
  // prints value as string as an ASCII-encoded decimal (base 10).
  // Decimal is the  default format for Serial.print() and Serial.println(),
  // so no modifier is needed:
  Serial.print(thisByte);
  // But you can declare the modifier for decimal if you want to.
  //this also works if you uncomment it:

  // Serial.print(thisByte, DEC);


  Serial.print(", hex: ");
  // prints value as string in hexadecimal (base 16):
  Serial.print(thisByte, HEX);

  Serial.print(", oct: ");
  // prints value as string in octal (base 8);
  Serial.print(thisByte, OCT);

  Serial.print(", bin: ");
  // prints value as string in binary (base 2)
  // also prints ending line break:
  Serial.println(thisByte, BIN);

  // if printed last visible character '~' or 126, stop:
  if (thisByte == 126) {    // you could also use if (thisByte == '~') {
    // This loop loops forever and does nothing
    while (true) {
      continue;
    }
  }
  // go on to the next character
  thisByte++;
}

Serial Call Response

int firstSensor = 0;    // first analog sensor
int secondSensor = 0;   // second analog sensor
int thirdSensor = 0;    // digital sensor
int inByte = 0;         // incoming serial byte

void setup() {
  // start serial port at 9600 bps:
  Serial.begin(9600);
  while (!Serial) {
    ; // wait for serial port to connect. Needed for native USB port only
  }

  pinMode(2, INPUT);   // digital sensor is on digital pin 2
  establishContact();  // send a byte to establish contact until receiver responds
}

void loop() {
  // if we get a valid byte, read analog ins:
  if (Serial.available() > 0) {
    // get incoming byte:
    inByte = Serial.read();
    // read first analog input, divide by 4 to make the range 0-255:
    firstSensor = analogRead(A0) / 4;
    // delay 10ms to let the ADC recover:
    delay(10);
    // read second analog input, divide by 4 to make the range 0-255:
    secondSensor = analogRead(1) / 4;
    // read  switch, map it to 0 or 255L
    thirdSensor = map(digitalRead(2), 0, 1, 0, 255);
    // send sensor values:
    Serial.write(firstSensor);
    Serial.write(secondSensor);
    Serial.write(thirdSensor);
  }
}

void establishContact() {
  while (Serial.available() <= 0) {
    Serial.print('A');   // send a capital A
    delay(300);
  }
}

Serial Call Response ASCII

int firstSensor = 0;    // first analog sensor
int secondSensor = 0;   // second analog sensor
int thirdSensor = 0;    // digital sensor
int inByte = 0;         // incoming serial byte

void setup() {
  // start serial port at 9600 bps and wait for port to open:
  Serial.begin(9600);
  while (!Serial) {
    ; // wait for serial port to connect. Needed for native USB port only
  }


  pinMode(2, INPUT);   // digital sensor is on digital pin 2
  establishContact();  // send a byte to establish contact until receiver responds
}

void loop() {
  // if we get a valid byte, read analog ins:
  if (Serial.available() > 0) {
    // get incoming byte:
    inByte = Serial.read();
    // read first analog input:
    firstSensor = analogRead(A0);
    // read second analog input:
    secondSensor = analogRead(A1);
    // read  switch, map it to 0 or 255L
    thirdSensor = map(digitalRead(2), 0, 1, 0, 255);
    // send sensor values:
    Serial.print(firstSensor);
    Serial.print(",");
    Serial.print(secondSensor);
    Serial.print(",");
    Serial.println(thirdSensor);
  }
}

void establishContact() {
  while (Serial.available() <= 0) {
    Serial.println("0,0,0");   // send an initial string
    delay(300);
  }
}

constrain

constrain(x, a, b)

Description

Constrains a number to be within a range.

Parameters

x: the number to constrain, all data types

a: the lower end of the range, all data types

b: the upper end of the range, all data types

Returns

x: if x is between a and b

a: if x is less than a

b: if x is greater than b