redis中支持的数据结构都是经过设计优化的数据结构和算法。
1. redis string数据结构
见sds.h
typedef char *sds;
/* Note: sdshdr5 is never used, we just access the flags byte directly.
* However is here to document the layout of type 5 SDS strings. */
struct __attribute__ ((__packed__)) sdshdr5 {
unsigned char flags; /* 3 lsb of type, and 5 msb of string length */
char buf[];
};
struct __attribute__ ((__packed__)) sdshdr8 {
uint8_t len; /* used */
uint8_t alloc; /* excluding the header and null terminator */
unsigned char flags; /* 3 lsb of type, 5 unused bits */
char buf[];
};
struct __attribute__ ((__packed__)) sdshdr16 {
uint16_t len; /* used */
uint16_t alloc; /* excluding the header and null terminator */
unsigned char flags; /* 3 lsb of type, 5 unused bits */
char buf[];
};
struct __attribute__ ((__packed__)) sdshdr32 {
uint32_t len; /* used */
uint32_t alloc; /* excluding the header and null terminator */
unsigned char flags; /* 3 lsb of type, 5 unused bits */
char buf[];
};
struct __attribute__ ((__packed__)) sdshdr64 {
uint64_t len; /* used */
uint64_t alloc; /* excluding the header and null terminator */
unsigned char flags; /* 3 lsb of type, 5 unused bits */
char buf[];
};
#define SDS_TYPE_5 0
#define SDS_TYPE_8 1
#define SDS_TYPE_16 2
#define SDS_TYPE_32 3
#define SDS_TYPE_64 4
#define SDS_TYPE_MASK 7
#define SDS_TYPE_BITS 3
string存类型或者字符串,如果是字符串,使用sds中这样的设计。
类型的区别是长度的不同,根据不同的长度用不同的类型
- sdshdr8 表示可以存储2^8 -1长度的字符串
- sdshdr16 表示可以存储2^16 -1长度的字符串
- sdshdr32 表示可以存储2^32 -1长度的字符串
- sdshdr64 表示可以存储2^64 -1长度的字符串
2. string操作
sds sdsnewlen(const void *init, size_t initlen);
sds sdsnew(const char *init);
sds sdsempty(void);
sds sdsdup(const sds s);
void sdsfree(sds s);
sds sdsgrowzero(sds s, size_t len);
sds sdscatlen(sds s, const void *t, size_t len);
sds sdscat(sds s, const char *t);
sds sdscatsds(sds s, const sds t);
sds sdscpylen(sds s, const char *t, size_t len);
sds sdscpy(sds s, const char *t);
void sdsclear(sds s);
int sdscmp(const sds s1, const sds s2);
sds *sdssplitlen(const char *s, ssize_t len, const char *sep, int seplen, int *count);
void sdsfreesplitres(sds *tokens, int count);
void sdstolower(sds s);
void sdstoupper(sds s);
sds sdsfromlonglong(long long value);
sds sdscatrepr(sds s, const char *p, size_t len);
sds *sdssplitargs(const char *line, int *argc);
sds sdsmapchars(sds s, const char *from, const char *to, size_t setlen);
sds sdsjoin(char **argv, int argc, char *sep);
sds sdsjoinsds(sds *argv, int argc, const char *sep, size_t seplen);
/* Low level functions exposed to the user API */
sds sdsMakeRoomFor(sds s, size_t addlen);
void sdsIncrLen(sds s, ssize_t incr);
sds sdsRemoveFreeSpace(sds s);
size_t sdsAllocSize(sds s);
void *sdsAllocPtr(sds s);
/* Export the allocator used by SDS to the program using SDS.
* Sometimes the program SDS is linked to, may use a different set of
* allocators, but may want to allocate or free things that SDS will
* respectively free or allocate. */
void *sds_malloc(size_t size);
void *sds_realloc(void *ptr, size_t size);
void sds_free(void *ptr);
3. redis string为何这么设计
redis为何要设计一个这样的数据结构,这是最大的问题。C字符串不能满足要求码?如果要这么设计,肯定是在算法上有优化。
《redis设计与实现》总讲解了:
- 常数复杂度获取字符串长度。
- 杜绝缓冲区溢出。
- 减少修改字符串长度时所需的内存重分配次数。
- 二进制安全。
- 兼容部分 C 字符串函数。
3.0 typdef char* sds
typedef的最大作用是用来表达语义,在这里
3.1 O(1)复杂度的读取
这个很容易看出,在数据结构中的第一项,就是长度
static inline size_t sdslen(const sds s) {
unsigned char flags = s[-1];
switch(flags&SDS_TYPE_MASK) {
case SDS_TYPE_5:
return SDS_TYPE_5_LEN(flags);
case SDS_TYPE_8:
return SDS_HDR(8,s)->len;
case SDS_TYPE_16:
return SDS_HDR(16,s)->len;
case SDS_TYPE_32:
return SDS_HDR(32,s)->len;
case SDS_TYPE_64:
return SDS_HDR(64,s)->len;
}
return 0;
}
3.2 杜绝缓冲器溢出
sds sdscat(sds s, const char *t) {
return sdscatlen(s, t, strlen(t));
}
sds sdscatlen(sds s, const void *t, size_t len) {
size_t curlen = sdslen(s);
s = sdsMakeRoomFor(s,len);
if (s == NULL) return NULL;
memcpy(s+curlen, t, len);
sdssetlen(s, curlen+len);
s[curlen+len] = '\0';
return s;
}
sds sdsMakeRoomFor(sds s, size_t addlen) {
void *sh, *newsh;
size_t avail = sdsavail(s);
size_t len, newlen;
char type, oldtype = s[-1] & SDS_TYPE_MASK;
int hdrlen;
/* Return ASAP if there is enough space left. */
if (avail >= addlen) return s;
len = sdslen(s);
sh = (char*)s-sdsHdrSize(oldtype);
newlen = (len+addlen);
if (newlen < SDS_MAX_PREALLOC)
newlen *= 2;
else
newlen += SDS_MAX_PREALLOC;
type = sdsReqType(newlen);
/* Don't use type 5: the user is appending to the string and type 5 is
* not able to remember empty space, so sdsMakeRoomFor() must be called
* at every appending operation. */
if (type == SDS_TYPE_5) type = SDS_TYPE_8;
hdrlen = sdsHdrSize(type);
if (oldtype==type) {
newsh = s_realloc(sh, hdrlen+newlen+1);
if (newsh == NULL) return NULL;
s = (char*)newsh+hdrlen;
} else {
/* Since the header size changes, need to move the string forward,
* and can't use realloc */
newsh = s_malloc(hdrlen+newlen+1);
if (newsh == NULL) return NULL;
memcpy((char*)newsh+hdrlen, s, len+1);
s_free(sh);
s = (char*)newsh+hdrlen;
s[-1] = type;
sdssetlen(s, len);
}
sdssetalloc(s, newlen);
return s;
}
static inline size_t sdsavail(const sds s) {
unsigned char flags = s[-1];
switch(flags&SDS_TYPE_MASK) {
case SDS_TYPE_5: {
return 0;
}
case SDS_TYPE_8: {
SDS_HDR_VAR(8,s);
return sh->alloc - sh->len;
}
case SDS_TYPE_16: {
SDS_HDR_VAR(16,s);
return sh->alloc - sh->len;
}
case SDS_TYPE_32: {
SDS_HDR_VAR(32,s);
return sh->alloc - sh->len;
}
case SDS_TYPE_64: {
SDS_HDR_VAR(64,s);
return sh->alloc - sh->len;
}
}
static inline void sdssetlen(sds s, size_t newlen) {
unsigned char flags = s[-1];
switch(flags&SDS_TYPE_MASK) {
case SDS_TYPE_5:
{
unsigned char *fp = ((unsigned char*)s)-1;
*fp = SDS_TYPE_5 | (newlen << SDS_TYPE_BITS);
}
break;
case SDS_TYPE_8:
SDS_HDR(8,s)->len = newlen;
break;
case SDS_TYPE_16:
SDS_HDR(16,s)->len = newlen;
break;
case SDS_TYPE_32:
SDS_HDR(32,s)->len = newlen;
break;
case SDS_TYPE_64:
SDS_HDR(64,s)->len = newlen;
break;
}
}
防溢出可以从sdscat看到,在拼接之前,会使用sdsMakeRoomFor (s, len)重新计算s,逻辑上,当可分配空间足够的时候,直接返回s;当不足够,需要扩展,但是没有改变类型的时候,就需要realloc空间,当改变了类型的时候,需要重新分配内存。
3.3 减少修改字符串长度时所需的内存重分配次数
- 预分配,见上面代码sdsMakeRoomFor,这里有内存分配
- 惰性释放,主要体现在数据结构中的alloc和len,一开始alloc等于len,如果有释放,len会减少,alloc不会减少,当向sds中追加的时候,如果alloc-len足够大,就直接追加到该内存中了,不需要再另外分配内存了。
3.4 二进制安全
C字符串,只能存放字符串,不能存放中间有‘\0’的字符,而redis string的这种设计,可以保存,这就是二进制安全。
4 小结
redis的string数据结构设计,来实现redis string算法,在处理小字符串时的确没有什么优势,当存储超大数据的时候,它的优势就非常明显了,这种设计需要仔细体悟。
网友评论