前言：
我们都知道，当执行 select 查询语句时，用没用到索引区别是很大的，若没用到索引，一条 select 语句可能执行好几秒或更久，若使用到索引则可能瞬间完成。那么当执行 update 语句时，用没用到索引有什么区别呢，执行时间相差大吗？本篇文章我们一起来探究下。
1. update SQL 测试
为了对比出差距，这里笔者创建两张一样数据的大表，一张有普通索引，一张无普通索引，我们来对比下二者的差别。
# tb_noidx 表无普通索引
mysql> show create table tb_noidx\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Table: tb_noidx
Create Table: CREATE TABLE `tb_noidx` (
`increment_id` int(11) unsigned NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT COMMENT '自增主键',
`col1` char(32) NOT NULL COMMENT '字段1',
`col2` char(32) NOT NULL COMMENT '字段2',
...
`del` tinyint(4) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0' COMMENT '是否删除',
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=3696887 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 COMMENT='无索引表'
mysql> select count(*) from tb_noidx;
+----------+
| count(*) |
+----------+
| 3590105 |
+----------+
mysql> select concat(round(sum(data_length/1024/1024),2),'MB') as data_length_MB, concat(round(sum(index_length/1024/1024),2),'MB') as index_length_MB
-> from information_schema.tables where table_schema='testdb' and table_name = 'tb_noidx';
+----------------+-----------------+
| data_length_MB | index_length_MB |
+----------------+-----------------+
| 841.98MB | 0.00MB |
+----------------+-----------------+
# tb_withidx 表有普通索引
mysql> show create table tb_withidx\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Table: tb_withidx
Create Table: CREATE TABLE `tb_withidx` (
`increment_id` int(11) unsigned NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT COMMENT '自增主键',
`col1` char(32) NOT NULL COMMENT '字段1',
`col2` char(32) NOT NULL COMMENT '字段2',
...
`del` tinyint(4) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0' COMMENT '是否删除',
PRIMARY KEY (`increment_id`),
KEY `idx_col1` (`col1`),
KEY `idx_del` (`del`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=3696887 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 COMMENT='有索引表'
mysql> select count(*) from tb_withidx;
+----------+
| count(*) |
+----------+
| 3590105 |
+----------+
mysql> select concat(round(sum(data_length/1024/1024),2),'MB') as data_length_MB, concat(round(sum(index_length/1024/1024),2),'MB') as index_length_MB
-> from information_schema.tables where table_schema='testdb' and table_name = 'tb_withidx';
+----------------+-----------------+
| data_length_MB | index_length_MB |
+----------------+-----------------+
| 841.98MB | 210.50MB |
+----------------+-----------------+
这里说明下，tb_noidx 和 tb_withidx 两张表数据完全相同，表大概有 360W 条数据，约占用 840M 空间。其中 col1 字段区分度较高，del 字段区分度很低，下面我们分别以这两个字段为筛选条件来执行 update 语句：
# 以 col1 字段为筛选条件 来更新 col2 字段
mysql> explain update tb_withidx set col2 = '48348a10d7794d269ecf10f9e3f20b52' where col1 = '48348a10d7794d269ecf10f9e3f20b52';
+----+-------------+------------+------------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+------------+------------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------------+
| 1 | UPDATE | tb_withidx | NULL | range | idx_col1 | idx_col1 | 96 | const | 1 | 100.00 | Using where |
+----+-------------+------------+------------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> update tb_withidx set col2 = '48348a10d7794d269ecf10f9e3f20b52' where col1 = '48348a10d7794d269ecf10f9e3f20b52';
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0
mysql> explain update tb_noidx set col2 = '48348a10d7794d269ecf10f9e3f20b52' where col1 = '48348a10d7794d269ecf10f9e3f20b52';
+----+-------------+----------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+---------+----------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+----------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+---------+----------+-------------+
| 1 | UPDATE | tb_noidx | NULL | index | NULL | PRIMARY | 4 | NULL | 3557131 | 100.00 | Using where |
+----+-------------+----------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+---------+----------+-------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> update tb_noidx set col2 = '48348a10d7794d269ecf10f9e3f20b52' where col1 = '48348a10d7794d269ecf10f9e3f20b52';
Query OK, 1 row affected (13.29 sec)
Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0
# 以 col1 字段为筛选条件 来更新 col1 字段
mysql> explain update tb_withidx set col1 = 'col1aac4c0f07449c688af42886465b76b' where col1 = '95aac4c0f07449c688af42886465b76b';
+----+-------------+------------+------------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+-------+------+----------+------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+------------+------------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+-------+------+----------+------------------------------+
| 1 | UPDATE | tb_withidx | NULL | range | idx_col1 | idx_col1 | 96 | const | 1 | 100.00 | Using where; Using temporary |
+----+-------------+------------+------------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+-------+------+----------+------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.01 sec)
mysql> update tb_withidx set col1 = 'col1aac4c0f07449c688af42886465b76b' where col1 = '95aac4c0f07449c688af42886465b76b';
Query OK, 1 row affected, 1 warning (0.01 sec)
Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0
mysql> explain update tb_noidx set col1 = 'col1aac4c0f07449c688af42886465b76b' where col1 = '95aac4c0f07449c688af42886465b76b';
+----+-------------+----------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+---------+----------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+----------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+---------+----------+-------------+
| 1 | UPDATE | tb_noidx | NULL | index | NULL | PRIMARY | 4 | NULL | 3557131 | 100.00 | Using where |
+----+-------------+----------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+---------+----------+-------------+
1 row in set (0.01 sec)
mysql> update tb_noidx set col1 = 'col1aac4c0f07449c688af42886465b76b' where col1 = '95aac4c0f07449c688af42886465b76b';
Query OK, 1 row affected, 1 warning (13.15 sec)
Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0
# 以 del 字段为筛选条件 来更新 col2 字段
# del为0的大概203W条 del为1的大概155W条
mysql> select del,count(*) from tb_withidx GROUP BY del;
+-----+----------+
| del | count(*) |
+-----+----------+
| 0 | 2033080 |
| 1 | 1557025 |
+-----+----------+
mysql> explain update tb_withidx set col2 = 'col24c0f07449c68af42886465b76' where del = 0;
+----+-------------+------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+---------+----------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+---------+----------+-------------+
| 1 | UPDATE | tb_withidx | NULL | index | idx_del | PRIMARY | 4 | NULL | 3436842 | 100.00 | Using where |
+----+-------------+------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+---------+----------+-------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> update tb_withidx set col2 = 'col24c0f07449c68af42886465b76' where del = 0;
Query OK, 2033080 rows affected (47.15 sec)
Rows matched: 2033080 Changed: 2033080 Warnings: 0
mysql> explain update tb_noidx set col2 = 'col24c0f07449c68af42886465b76' where del = 0;
+----+-------------+----------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+---------+----------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+----------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+---------+----------+-------------+
| 1 | UPDATE | tb_noidx | NULL | index | NULL | PRIMARY | 4 | NULL | 3296548 | 100.00 | Using where |
+----+-------------+----------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+---------+----------+-------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> update tb_noidx set col2 = 'col24c0f07449c68af42886465b76' where del = 0;
Query OK, 2033080 rows affected (49.79 sec)
Rows matched: 2033080 Changed: 2033080 Warnings: 0
# 以 del 字段为筛选条件 来更新 del 字段
mysql> explain update tb_withidx set del = 2 where del = 0;
+----+-------------+------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+---------+----------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+---------+----------+-------------+
| 1 | UPDATE | tb_withidx | NULL | index | idx_del | PRIMARY | 4 | NULL | 3436842 | 100.00 | Using where |
+----+-------------+------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+---------+----------+-------------+
1 row in set (0.03 sec)
mysql> update tb_withidx set del = 2 where del = 0;
Query OK, 2033080 rows affected (2 min 34.96 sec)
Rows matched: 2033080 Changed: 2033080 Warnings: 0
mysql> explain update tb_noidx set del = 2 where del = 0;
+----+-------------+----------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+---------+----------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+----------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+---------+----------+-------------+
| 1 | UPDATE | tb_noidx | NULL | index | NULL | PRIMARY | 4 | NULL | 3296548 | 100.00 | Using where |
+----+-------------+----------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+---------+----------+-------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> update tb_noidx set del = 2 where del = 0;
Query OK, 2033080 rows affected (50.57 sec)
Rows matched: 2033080 Changed: 2033080 Warnings: 0
从以上实验大致可以看出，是否用到索引，对于 update 语句执行速度影响还是很大的，具体表现如下：
- 若在区分度较高的字段上添加索引，并以该字段为筛选条件进行更新，则无论是更新该字段还是其他字段，用到索引的更新都要快好多。
- 若在区分度很低的字段上添加索引，并以该字段为筛选条件进行更新，当更新其他字段时，有无索引区别不大，当更新这个区分度很低的字段时，用到索引的更新反而更慢。
2.一些经验总结
我们试着来解释下以上实验结果，首先来看下 update SQL 执行流程，大致如下：
- 首先客户端发送请求到服务端，建立连接。
- 服务端先看下查询缓存，对于更新某张表的 SQL ，该表的所有查询缓存都失效。
- 接着来到解析器，进行语法分析，一些系统关键字校验，校验语法是否合规。
- 然后优化器进行 SQL 优化，比如怎么选择索引之类，然后生成执行计划。
- 执行器去存储引擎查询需要更新的数据。
- 存储引擎判断当前缓冲池中是否存在需要更新的数据，存在就直接返回，否则去从磁盘加载数据。
- 执行器调用存储引擎 API 去更新数据。
- 存储器更新数据，同时写入 undo log 、redo log 信息。
- 执行器写 binlog ，提交事务，流程结束。
也就是说，执行更新语句首先需要将被更新的记录查询出来，这也就不难理解为啥以区分度较高的字段为筛选条件进行更新，有索引的情况下执行更快。
对于区分度很低的字段，用没用到索引则区别不大，原因是查询出将被更新的记录所需时间差别不大，需要扫描的行数差别不大。当更新区分度很低的字段的字段时，因为要维护索引 b+ 树，所以会拖慢更新速度。
之前也有讲过，虽然索引能加速查询，但索引也是有缺点的，那就是索引需要动态的维护，当对表中的数据进行增加、删除、修改时，会降低数据的维护速度。本次实验结果也能论证这个结论。
通过本次实验，我们也能得到一些索引相关经验：
- 只为用于搜索、排序、分组、连接的列创建索引。
- 索引尽量建在区分度高的字段上，避免在区分度低的字段上建索引。
- 对经常更新的表避免创建过多的索引。
- 不要有冗余索引，会增加维护成本。
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