之前确实没使用过这个属性，前几天在查找“怎么保证Service不被Kill”这个问题的答案时，我看到有一条是“设置application的属性persistent为true”，由于不清楚它的作用和实现原理，于是有了这篇笔记。
在AndroidManifest.xml定义中，application有这么一个属性android:persistent，根据字面意思来理解就是说该应用是可持久的，也即是常驻的应用。其实就是这么个理解，被android:persistent修饰的应用会在系统启动之后被AMS启动。
在系统启动时，ActivityManagerService会调用systemReady()方法来加载所有persistent属性为true的应用。
public void systemReady(final Runnable goingCallback) {
......
synchronized (this) {
// Only start up encryption-aware persistent apps; once user is
// unlocked we'll come back around and start unaware apps
startPersistentApps(PackageManager.MATCH_DIRECT_BOOT_AWARE);
......
}
}
private void startPersistentApps(int matchFlags) {
if (mFactoryTest == FactoryTest.FACTORY_TEST_LOW_LEVEL) return;
synchronized (this) {
try {
final List<ApplicationInfo> apps = AppGlobals.getPackageManager()
.getPersistentApplications(STOCK_PM_FLAGS | matchFlags).getList();
for (ApplicationInfo app : apps) {
if (!"android".equals(app.packageName)) {
addAppLocked(app, false, null /* ABI override */);
}
}
} catch (RemoteException ex) {
}
}
}
上面的代码中persistent应用列表是通过PackageManagerService类的getPersistentApplications()方法来获取的，方法实现如下：
@Override
public @NonNull ParceledListSlice<ApplicationInfo> getPersistentApplications(int flags) {
return new ParceledListSlice<>(getPersistentApplicationsInternal(flags));
}
private @NonNull List<ApplicationInfo> getPersistentApplicationsInternal(int flags) {
final ArrayList<ApplicationInfo> finalList = new ArrayList<ApplicationInfo>();
// reader
synchronized (mPackages) {
final Iterator<PackageParser.Package> i = mPackages.values().iterator();
final int userId = UserHandle.getCallingUserId();
while (i.hasNext()) {
final PackageParser.Package p = i.next();
if (p.applicationInfo == null) continue;
final boolean matchesUnaware = ((flags & MATCH_DIRECT_BOOT_UNAWARE) != 0)
&& !p.applicationInfo.isDirectBootAware();
final boolean matchesAware = ((flags & MATCH_DIRECT_BOOT_AWARE) != 0)
&& p.applicationInfo.isDirectBootAware();
if ((p.applicationInfo.flags & ApplicationInfo.FLAG_PERSISTENT) != 0
&& (!mSafeMode || isSystemApp(p))
&& (matchesUnaware || matchesAware)) {
PackageSetting ps = mSettings.mPackages.get(p.packageName);
if (ps != null) {
ApplicationInfo ai = PackageParser.generateApplicationInfo(p, flags,
ps.readUserState(userId), userId);
if (ai != null) {
finalList.add(ai);
}
}
}
}
}
return finalList;
}
在PackageManagerService中，有一个记录所有的程序包信息的哈希表（mPackages），每个表项中含有ApplicationInfo信息，该信息的flags（int型）数据中有一个专门的bit用于表示persistent。getPersistentApplications()方法会遍历这张表，找出所有persistent包，并返回ArrayList<ApplicationInfo>。不过从代码中我们看到，除了有FLAG_PERSISTENT标志的应用，处于非安全模式或者是系统应用、直接启动的应用，满足这些条件的应用才会被加到persistent列表中。
接着systemReady方法会遍历persistent列表中的ApplicationInfo，然后对包名不为“android”的ApplicationInfo执行addAppLocked方法，看看addAppLocked的实现：
final ProcessRecord addAppLocked(ApplicationInfo info, boolean isolated, String abiOverride) {
ProcessRecord app;
if (!isolated) {
app = getProcessRecordLocked(info.processName, info.uid, true);
} else {
app = null;
}
if (app == null) {
app = newProcessRecordLocked(info, null, isolated, 0);
updateLruProcessLocked(app, false, null);
updateOomAdjLocked();
}
// This package really, really can not be stopped.
try {
AppGlobals.getPackageManager().setPackageStoppedState(
info.packageName, false, UserHandle.getUserId(app.uid));
} catch (RemoteException e) {
} catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
Slog.w(TAG, "Failed trying to unstop package "
+ info.packageName + ": " + e);
}
if ((info.flags & PERSISTENT_MASK) == PERSISTENT_MASK) {
app.persistent = true;
app.maxAdj = ProcessList.PERSISTENT_PROC_ADJ;
}
if (app.thread == null && mPersistentStartingProcesses.indexOf(app) < 0) {
mPersistentStartingProcesses.add(app);
startProcessLocked(app, "added application", app.processName, abiOverride,
null /* entryPoint */, null /* entryPointArgs */);
}
return app;
}
这个方法的作用主要是添加一个与App进程对应的ProcessRecord节点，如果这个节点已经添加过了，那么是不会重复添加的。在添加节点的动作完成以后，addAppLocked()还会检查App进程是否已经启动好了，如果尚未开始启动，此时就会调用startProcessLocked()来启动这个进程。既然addAppLocked()试图确认App“正在正常运作”或者“将被正常启动”，那么其对应的package就不可能处于stopped状态，这就是上面代码调用setPackageStoppedState(..., false,...)以及注释“This package really, really can not be stopped.”的作用。
因为启动过程异步，所以对于正在启动但尚未启动完成的ApplicationInfo，AMS会把他们添加到一个缓冲列表中也就是mPersistentStartingProcesses这个变量中记录，启动一个进程则是调用startProcessLocked方法，其中启动代码如下：
Process.ProcessStartResult startResult = Process.start(entryPoint,
app.processName, uid, uid, gids, debugFlags, mountExternal,
app.info.targetSdkVersion, app.info.seinfo, requiredAbi, instructionSet,
app.info.dataDir, entryPointArgs);
一旦启动完成，这个用户进程会被attach到系统中，这个我们看ActivityThread中的main方法就可知：
ActivityThread thread = new ActivityThread();
thread.attach(false);
private void attach(boolean system) {
sCurrentActivityThread = this;
mSystemThread = system;
if (!system) {
ViewRootImpl.addFirstDrawHandler(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
ensureJitEnabled();
}
});
android.ddm.DdmHandleAppName.setAppName("<pre-initialized>",
UserHandle.myUserId());
RuntimeInit.setApplicationObject(mAppThread.asBinder());
final IActivityManager mgr = ActivityManagerNative.getDefault();
try {
mgr.attachApplication(mAppThread);
} catch (RemoteException ex) {
throw ex.rethrowFromSystemServer();
}
......
} else {
......
}
......
}
attach方法中会判断不是系统应用就会调用AMS的attachApplication方法(AMS继承自ActivityManagerNative)，在attach过程中，ActivityThread会将对应的application attach到AM中去，交给AM去管理，在这个方法中传递了一个变量mAppThread，它是一个ApplicationThread对象，ApplicationThread是定义在ActivityThread类中的继承ApplicationThreadNative的私有类，它继承自Binder且实现了IApplicationThread接口，所以在AMS中的关于ApplicationThread的参数都是IApplicationThread的形式，mAppThread可以看作是当前进程主线程的核心，它负责处理本进程与其他进程(主要是AM)之间的通信，同时通过attachApplication将mAppThread的代理Binder传递给AM。接着ApplicationInfo走到attachApplicationLocked方法。
@Override
public final void attachApplication(IApplicationThread thread) {
synchronized (this) {
int callingPid = Binder.getCallingPid();
final long origId = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
attachApplicationLocked(thread, callingPid);
Binder.restoreCallingIdentity(origId);
}
}
private final boolean attachApplicationLocked(IApplicationThread thread, int pid) {
......
// If this application record is still attached to a previous
// process, clean it up now.
if (app.thread != null) {
handleAppDiedLocked(app, true, true);
}
final String processName = app.processName;
try {
// 注册进程死亡监听器
AppDeathRecipient adr = new AppDeathRecipient(app, pid, thread);
thread.asBinder().linkToDeath(adr, 0);
app.deathRecipient = adr;
} catch (RemoteException e) {
app.resetPackageList(mProcessStats);
startProcessLocked(app, "link fail", processName);
return false;
}
......
thread.bindApplication(processName, appInfo, providers, app.instrumentationClass,
profilerInfo, app.instrumentationArguments, app.instrumentationWatcher,
app.instrumentationUiAutomationConnection, testMode,
mBinderTransactionTrackingEnabled, enableTrackAllocation,
isRestrictedBackupMode || !normalMode, app.persistent,
new Configuration(mConfiguration), app.compat,
getCommonServicesLocked(app.isolated),
mCoreSettingsObserver.getCoreSettingsLocked());
// Remove this record from the list of starting applications.
mPersistentStartingProcesses.remove(app);
......
return true;
}
在attachApplicationLocked方法中AMS调用到了IPC通信调用mAppThread的bindApplication方法，然后将该ProcessRecord节点在mPersistentStartingProcesses列表中移除。
这里又回调到了ApplicationThread类中的bindApplication方法：
public final void bindApplication(String processName, ApplicationInfo appInfo,
List<ProviderInfo> providers, ComponentName instrumentationName,
ProfilerInfo profilerInfo, Bundle instrumentationArgs,
IInstrumentationWatcher instrumentationWatcher,
IUiAutomationConnection instrumentationUiConnection, int debugMode,
boolean enableBinderTracking, boolean trackAllocation,
boolean isRestrictedBackupMode, boolean persistent, Configuration config,
CompatibilityInfo compatInfo, Map<String, IBinder> services, Bundle coreSettings) {
if (services != null) {
// Setup the service cache in the ServiceManager
ServiceManager.initServiceCache(services);
}
setCoreSettings(coreSettings);
AppBindData data = new AppBindData();
data.processName = processName;
data.appInfo = appInfo;
data.providers = providers;
data.instrumentationName = instrumentationName;
data.instrumentationArgs = instrumentationArgs;
data.instrumentationWatcher = instrumentationWatcher;
data.instrumentationUiAutomationConnection = instrumentationUiConnection;
data.debugMode = debugMode;
data.enableBinderTracking = enableBinderTracking;
data.trackAllocation = trackAllocation;
data.restrictedBackupMode = isRestrictedBackupMode;
data.persistent = persistent;
data.config = config;
data.compatInfo = compatInfo;
data.initProfilerInfo = profilerInfo;
sendMessage(H.BIND_APPLICATION, data);
}
上述代码中通过消息机制向ActivityThread自身维护的handler发送BIND_APPLICATION消息。ActivityThread自身维护的handler对消息BIND_APPLICATION的处理调用了handleBindApplication方法，而这个方法中我们可以看到下面这条代码：
mInstrumentation.callApplicationOnCreate(app);
这句作用是调用persistent应用的Applicaiton中的onCreate方法。
上面说了persistent应用的启动过程，既然是persistent的，那么当用应用出现异常时它也需要自动重启。这里Android系统中实现自动重启的做法是这样的，我们回头看看上面attachApplicationLocked方法中在bindApplication之前，会构建一个AppDeathRecipient，相当于一个监听器，然后把这个监听器跟persistent进程绑在一起，由AMS来监听，当persistent进程意外死亡时，AMS就能知道，并且会尝试重新启动这个应用。
AppDeathRecipient的实现如下：
private final class AppDeathRecipient implements IBinder.DeathRecipient {
final ProcessRecord mApp;
final int mPid;
final IApplicationThread mAppThread;
AppDeathRecipient(ProcessRecord app, int pid,
IApplicationThread thread) {
if (DEBUG_ALL) Slog.v(
TAG, "New death recipient " + this
+ " for thread " + thread.asBinder());
mApp = app;
mPid = pid;
mAppThread = thread;
}
@Override
public void binderDied() {
if (DEBUG_ALL) Slog.v(
TAG, "Death received in " + this
+ " for thread " + mAppThread.asBinder());
synchronized(ActivityManagerService.this) {
appDiedLocked(mApp, mPid, mAppThread, true);
}
}
}
当persistent应用意外退出时，系统会回调AppDeathRecipient的binderDied方法，这个方法中只会执行appDiedLocked这个方法，而最终会执行handleAppDiedLocked这个方法：
private final void handleAppDiedLocked(ProcessRecord app,
boolean restarting, boolean allowRestart) {
int pid = app.pid;
boolean kept = cleanUpApplicationRecordLocked(app, restarting, allowRestart, -1,
false /*replacingPid*/);
if (!kept && !restarting) {
removeLruProcessLocked(app);
if (pid > 0) {
ProcessList.remove(pid);
}
}
if (mProfileProc == app) {
clearProfilerLocked();
}
// Remove this application's activities from active lists.
boolean hasVisibleActivities = mStackSupervisor.handleAppDiedLocked(app);
app.activities.clear();
if (app.instrumentationClass != null) {
Slog.w(TAG, "Crash of app " + app.processName
+ " running instrumentation " + app.instrumentationClass);
Bundle info = new Bundle();
info.putString("shortMsg", "Process crashed.");
finishInstrumentationLocked(app, Activity.RESULT_CANCELED, info);
}
if (!restarting && hasVisibleActivities
&& !mStackSupervisor.resumeFocusedStackTopActivityLocked()) {
// If there was nothing to resume, and we are not already restarting this process, but
// there is a visible activity that is hosted by the process... then make sure all
// visible activities are running, taking care of restarting this process.
mStackSupervisor.ensureActivitiesVisibleLocked(null, 0, !PRESERVE_WINDOWS);
}
}
这个方法的作用就是将进程从ActivityManager中移除，其中的变量kept是根据方法cleanUpApplicationRecordLocked的结果，其意义是是否要保留这个进程，我们看看它的实现：
private final boolean cleanUpApplicationRecordLocked(ProcessRecord app,
boolean restarting, boolean allowRestart, int index, boolean replacingPid) {
......
if (!app.persistent || app.isolated) {
if (DEBUG_PROCESSES || DEBUG_CLEANUP) Slog.v(TAG_CLEANUP,
"Removing non-persistent process during cleanup: " + app);
if (!replacingPid) {
removeProcessNameLocked(app.processName, app.uid);
}
if (mHeavyWeightProcess == app) {
mHandler.sendMessage(mHandler.obtainMessage(CANCEL_HEAVY_NOTIFICATION_MSG,
mHeavyWeightProcess.userId, 0));
mHeavyWeightProcess = null;
}
} else if (!app.removed) {
// This app is persistent, so we need to keep its record around.
// If it is not already on the pending app list, add it there
// and start a new process for it.
if (mPersistentStartingProcesses.indexOf(app) < 0) {
mPersistentStartingProcesses.add(app);
restart = true;
}
}
......
if (restart && !app.isolated) {
// We have components that still need to be running in the
// process, so re-launch it.
if (index < 0) {
ProcessList.remove(app.pid);
}
addProcessNameLocked(app);
startProcessLocked(app, "restart", app.processName);
return true;
} else if (app.pid > 0 && app.pid != MY_PID) {
// Goodbye!
boolean removed;
synchronized (mPidsSelfLocked) {
mPidsSelfLocked.remove(app.pid);
mHandler.removeMessages(PROC_START_TIMEOUT_MSG, app);
}
mBatteryStatsService.noteProcessFinish(app.processName, app.info.uid);
if (app.isolated) {
mBatteryStatsService.removeIsolatedUid(app.uid, app.info.uid);
}
app.setPid(0);
}
return false;
}
我们看到如果是persistent应用且还没有被移除，AMS会重新将它添加到mPersistentStartingProcesses这个启动缓存列表中，并再调用startProcessLocked方法重启进程。到此，persistent应用的重启机制也就说完了。
参考文章：
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