啤酒是常见的酒精饮料，因为其酒精含量低，所以有很多人喝。每到夏天，世界各地的人都会喝掉很多啤酒。那么，啤酒起源于什么地方呢？
Where did modern beer come from?
by Jason Daley
For thousands of years, humans have been using Saccharomyces cerevisiae, or brewer's yeast, to make beer. In turn the yeast, considered humanity's first domesticated organism, has journeyed around the world, moving and mixing with other specimens.
brewer /ˈbruːə(r)/ n. 啤酒酿造者、啤酒公司（由brew加上表示人的后缀-er）
yeast /jiːst/ n. 酵母、酵母菌
in turn 因为这个原因
consider /kənˈsɪdə(r)/ v. 看待、看做
humanity /hjuːˈmænəti/ n. 人类
domesticate /dəˈmestɪkeɪt/ v. 驯养、驯化（由domestic加后缀-ate变成动词）
organism /ˈɔːɡ(ə)nɪz(ə)m/ n. 生命体、生物
journey /ˈdʒɜːni/ v. 旅行
specimen /ˈspesɪmɪn/ n. 动物（这里指微生物）
Fittingly, new research has found that beer is cross-cultural even on the microscopic level. As it turns out, S. cerevisiae has origins that span both Asia and Europe.
fittingly /ˈfɪtɪŋli/ adv. 很适合地（由fit的现在分词加后缀-ly变成副词）
cross-cultural 穿越文化的
microscopic /ˌmaɪkrəˈskɒpɪk/ adj. 要用显微镜看的、极小的
level /ˈlev(ə)l/ n. 层次
turn out 结果是
origin /ˈɒrɪdʒɪn/ n. 起源、源头
span /spæn/ v. 跨越
Researcher Justin Fay of the University of Rochester and his team set out to peer back into the history of brewer's yeast by sequencing the genomes of four commercially available yeast strains (two ale, or top fermenting, varieties, one yeast strain that produces lager beer and one strain used in both beer brewing and baking) and comparing those genomes to yeast DNA sequenced from around the world.
researcher /rɪˈsɜːtʃə(r)/ n. 研究者（由research加上表示人的后缀-er）
set out 开始（做某事）
peer /pɪə(r)/ v. 费劲地看
sequence /ˈsiːkwəns/ v. （基因）测序
genome /ˈdʒiːnəʊm/ n. 全部基因
commercially /kəˈmɜːʃ(ə)li/ adv. 商业上（由commercial加后缀-ly变成副词）
strain /streɪn/ n. 菌株
ale /eɪl/ n. 一类颜色深而味苦的啤酒
or /ɔː(r)/ conj. 也就是
ferment /fəˈment/ v. 发酵（top fermenting指上层发酵）
variety /vəˈraɪəti/ n. 品种
lager /ˈlɑːɡə(r)/ n. 一类颜色浅而泡沫多的啤酒
brew /bruː/ v. 酿造
What they found is that modern beer yeast is a combination of ancient yeast used to make European grape wine and yeasts used to produce rice wine in Asia. The findings appear in the journal PLoS Biology.
combination /ˌkɒmbɪˈneɪʃ(ə)n/ n. 组合（由combine加后缀-ation变成名词）
ancient /ˈeɪnʃ(ə)nt/ adj. 古代的、古老的
rice wine 米酒、黄酒
journal /ˈdʒɜːn(ə)l/ n. 期刊
It's likely the yeasts met somewhere on trade routes between Europe and Asia. "This finding points to the emergence of beer yeast from a historical East-West transfer of fermentation technology, similar to the transfer of domesticated plants and animals by way of the Silk Road," a press release states.
trade route 贸易路线
emergence /ɪˈmɜːdʒ(ə)ns/ n. 出现（由emerge加后缀-ence变成名词）
historical /hɪˈstɒrɪk(ə)l/ adj. 历史上的、过去的（由history加后缀-ical变成形容词）
transfer /ˈtrænsfɜː(r)/ n. 转移、迁移
fermentation /ˌfɜːmenˈteɪʃ(ə)n/ n. 发酵（由ferment加后缀-ation变成名词）
by way of 经由、取道于
press release /rɪˈliːs/ （提供给新闻机构的）新闻稿
state /steɪt/ v. 陈述、写道
Among the findings, the team spotted unusual variations in the genome not seen in other yeasts, suggesting the domesticated beer yeast got some traits from microbes that no longer exist.
spot /spɒt/ v. 看见、看出
variation /ˌveəriˈeɪʃ(ə)n/ n. 变异（由vary加后缀-ation变成名词）
suggest /səˈdʒest/ v. 表明
trait /treɪt/ n. 特点、特质
microbe /ˈmaɪkrəʊb/ n. 微生物
They also found the domesticated yeast strains used to make beer don't all share the same genes, either.★ That means it's likely that several types of yeasts hooked up along the Silk Road, producing various strains of yeast that became the basis for different beer styles. Or, as the team concludes, "modern beer strains are the product of a historical melting pot of fermentation technology."
gene /dʒiːn/ n. 基因
★ 这句话里used to make beer是过去分词短语，意思是“被用来制造啤酒的”
hook up 交配
basis /ˈbeɪsɪs/ n. 基础
conclude /kənˈkluːd/ v. 下结论
melt /melt/ v. 熔化（melting pot就是熔炉）
Finding exactly where the original S. cerevisiae came from as well as the other yeasts it has combined with over the centuries, remains a much harder mystery to crack. So far, no one has found a wild progenitor（祖先） of brewer's yeast. But they have found some of its buddies.
original /əˈrɪdʒ(ə)n(ə)l/ adj. 最初的、一开始的（由origin加后缀-al变成形容词）
as well as = and also
combine /kəmˈbaɪn/ v. 组合、合并
mystery /ˈmɪst(ə)ri/ n. 谜团
crack /kræk/ v. 寻找答案
buddy /ˈbʌdi/ n. 朋友、伙伴
Evidence suggests a yeast variety called S. eubayanus, which combined with S. cerevisiae to create lager beer yeast, may have originated in the beech forests of Patagonia. In 2017, residue in ancient brewing vessels boosted earlier 2011 research, revealing that people in the region may have been using it to make an alcoholic beverage over a thousand years ago, making the origins of modern beer even more global.
evidence /ˈevɪd(ə)ns/ n. 证据
originate /əˈrɪdʒ(ə)neɪt/ v. 起源、发源（由origin加后缀-ate变成动词）
beech /biːtʃ/ n. 山毛榉、榉树
Patagonia /ˌpætəˈɡəuniə/ n. 帕塔哥尼亚（位于南美洲最南部）
residue /ˈrezɪdjuː/ n. 残留物
vessel /ˈves(ə)l/ n. （盛液体的）容器
boost /buːst/ v. 促进
reveal /rɪˈviːl/ v. 揭示
alcoholic /ˌælkəˈhɒlɪk/ adj. 含酒精的（由alcohol加后缀-ic变成形容词）
beverage /ˈbev(ə)rɪdʒ/ n. 饮料
global /ˈɡləʊb(ə)l/ adj. 全球的、全世界的
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