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Android消息机制

Android消息机制

作者: dotdotdotdotbar | 来源:发表于2019-03-31 01:00 被阅读0次

    Android的消息机制主要指Handler的运行机制,因此这里就从Handler的基本使用开始说起吧。

    Handler使用示例

    在一个指定的线程中使用Handler方式如下:

    new Thread() {
                @Override
                public void run() {
                    super.run();
                    Looper.prepare();
                    mHandlerThr = new Handler() {
                        @Override
                        public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
                            super.handleMessage(msg);
                            Log.d(TAG, ">>>>>>>>>>>>>Child# mHandler--handleMessage--msg.what: " + msg.what);
                            //接收发送到子线程的消息,然后向UI线程中的Handler发送msg 0。
                            mHandler.sendEmptyMessage(0);
                        }
                    };
    
                    Log.d(TAG, ">>>>>>>>>>>>>Child# begin start send msg!!!");
                    //Activity中启动Thread,在Thread结束前发送msg 0到UI Thread。
                    mHandler.sendEmptyMessage(0);
    
                    Looper.loop(); //不能在这个后面添加代码,程序是无法运行到这行之后的。
                }
            }.start();
    

    其中mHandler时在MainActivity中声明的:

    private Handler mHandler = new Handler() {
            @Override
            public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
                super.handleMessage(msg);
                Log.d(TAG, ">>>>>>>>>>>>>UI# mHandler--handleMessage--msg.what: " + msg.what);
                //接收发送到UI线程的消息,然后向线程中的Handler发送msg 1。
                mHandlerThr.sendEmptyMessage(1);
                mCount++;
                if (mCount >= 3) {
                    //由于mHandlerThr是在Child Thread创建,Looper手动死循环阻塞,所以需要quit。
                    mHandlerThr.getLooper().quit();
                }
            }
        };
    

    以上的例子展示了如何在子线程中启动Handler,并与主线程中的Handler通信。其中,子线程中创建新的handler之前,需要先调用如下代码

    Looper.prepare();
    

    接着再创建Handler:

    mHandlerThr = new Handler() {
                        @Override
                        public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
                            super.handleMessage(msg);
                            Log.d(TAG, ">>>>>>>>>>>>>Child# mHandler--handleMessage--msg.what: " + msg.what);
                            //接收发送到子线程的消息,然后向UI线程中的Handler发送msg 0。
                            mHandler.sendEmptyMessage(0);
                        }
                    };
    

    最终,需要调用

    Looper.loop();
    

    启动Looper,检测消息并进行处理。

    Handler消息机制基本原理

    首先,了解一下Handler运行的基本流程。
    Handler运行时,主要依赖Looper以及MessageQueue来运行。其基本流程如下图所示:


    image.png

    首先,调用Handler的post方法,或者sendMessage方法,在经过一系列的调用之后,最终都是调用MessageQueue的enqueueMessage方法将消息插入消息队列中。接着,Looper循环从消息队列中取出消息对象。最后调用相应的回调。

    消息入队

    接着,了解一下消息怎么插入消息队列并且如何获取下一个消息队列的。
    先看下Hanlder中最终被调用的方法:

        public boolean sendMessageAtTime(Message msg, long uptimeMillis) {
            MessageQueue queue = mQueue;
            if (queue == null) {
                RuntimeException e = new RuntimeException(
                        this + " sendMessageAtTime() called with no mQueue");
                Log.w("Looper", e.getMessage(), e);
                return false;
            }
            return enqueueMessage(queue, msg, uptimeMillis);
        }
    

    可以看出来这里调用了enqueueMessag,所以接下来看看这个方法吧。

        private boolean enqueueMessage(MessageQueue queue, Message msg, long uptimeMillis) {
            msg.target = this;
            if (mAsynchronous) {
                msg.setAsynchronous(true);
            }
            return queue.enqueueMessage(msg, uptimeMillis);
        }
    

    这个方法里主要做了两件事:

    1. 把当前的Handler对象赋给了Message对象的target属性
    2. 调用MessageQueue的enqueueMessage方法
      接下去看看MessageQueue的enqueueMessage方法:
        boolean enqueueMessage(Message msg, long when) {
            if (msg.target == null) {
                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Message must have a target.");
            }
            if (msg.isInUse()) {
                throw new IllegalStateException(msg + " This message is already in use.");
            }
    
            synchronized (this) {
                if (mQuitting) {
                    IllegalStateException e = new IllegalStateException(
                            msg.target + " sending message to a Handler on a dead thread");
                    Log.w(TAG, e.getMessage(), e);
                    msg.recycle();
                    return false;
                }
    
                msg.markInUse();
                msg.when = when;
                Message p = mMessages;
                boolean needWake;
                if (p == null || when == 0 || when < p.when) {
                    // New head, wake up the event queue if blocked.
                    msg.next = p;
                    mMessages = msg;
                    needWake = mBlocked;
                } else {
                    // Inserted within the middle of the queue.  Usually we don't have to wake
                    // up the event queue unless there is a barrier at the head of the queue
                    // and the message is the earliest asynchronous message in the queue.
                    needWake = mBlocked && p.target == null && msg.isAsynchronous();
                    Message prev;
                    for (;;) {
                        prev = p;
                        p = p.next;
                        if (p == null || when < p.when) {
                            break;
                        }
                        if (needWake && p.isAsynchronous()) {
                            needWake = false;
                        }
                    }
                    msg.next = p; // invariant: p == prev.next
                    prev.next = msg;
                }
    
                // We can assume mPtr != 0 because mQuitting is false.
                if (needWake) {
                    nativeWake(mPtr);
                }
            }
            return true;
        }
    

    Message对象是一个单链表,这个函数里主要就是在这个链表中根据when字段找到合适的位置插入,以保证消息队列中的元素都是按照时间排好序的。

    读取消息

    消息的读取时在Looper的loop方法中执行的,代码如下:

    public static void loop() {
            final Looper me = myLooper();
            if (me == null) {
                throw new RuntimeException("No Looper; Looper.prepare() wasn't called on this thread.");
            }
            final MessageQueue queue = me.mQueue;
    
            // Make sure the identity of this thread is that of the local process,
            // and keep track of what that identity token actually is.
            Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
            final long ident = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
    
            for (;;) {
                Message msg = queue.next(); // might block
                if (msg == null) {
                    // No message indicates that the message queue is quitting.
                    return;
                }
    
                // This must be in a local variable, in case a UI event sets the logger
                final Printer logging = me.mLogging;
                if (logging != null) {
                    logging.println(">>>>> Dispatching to " + msg.target + " " +
                            msg.callback + ": " + msg.what);
                }
    
                final long slowDispatchThresholdMs = me.mSlowDispatchThresholdMs;
    
                final long traceTag = me.mTraceTag;
                if (traceTag != 0 && Trace.isTagEnabled(traceTag)) {
                    Trace.traceBegin(traceTag, msg.target.getTraceName(msg));
                }
                final long start = (slowDispatchThresholdMs == 0) ? 0 : SystemClock.uptimeMillis();
                final long end;
                try {
                    msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg);
                    end = (slowDispatchThresholdMs == 0) ? 0 : SystemClock.uptimeMillis();
                } finally {
                    if (traceTag != 0) {
                        Trace.traceEnd(traceTag);
                    }
                }
                if (slowDispatchThresholdMs > 0) {
                    final long time = end - start;
                    if (time > slowDispatchThresholdMs) {
                        Slog.w(TAG, "Dispatch took " + time + "ms on "
                                + Thread.currentThread().getName() + ", h=" +
                                msg.target + " cb=" + msg.callback + " msg=" + msg.what);
                    }
                }
    
                if (logging != null) {
                    logging.println("<<<<< Finished to " + msg.target + " " + msg.callback);
                }
    
                // Make sure that during the course of dispatching the
                // identity of the thread wasn't corrupted.
                final long newIdent = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
                if (ident != newIdent) {
                    Log.wtf(TAG, "Thread identity changed from 0x"
                            + Long.toHexString(ident) + " to 0x"
                            + Long.toHexString(newIdent) + " while dispatching to "
                            + msg.target.getClass().getName() + " "
                            + msg.callback + " what=" + msg.what);
                }
    
                msg.recycleUnchecked();
            }
        }
    

    这个方法开头通过myLooper(),这个暂时不管,先看看消息获取及分发流程。
    通过MessageQueue的next方法获取当前需要处理的消息,然后调用Message对象中的target属性的dispatchMessage方法分发消息,这个target就是刚刚的handler对象。
    因此具体的分发逻辑还得回到Handler中:

        public void dispatchMessage(Message msg) {
            if (msg.callback != null) {
                handleCallback(msg);
            } else {
                if (mCallback != null) {
                    if (mCallback.handleMessage(msg)) {
                        return;
                    }
                }
                handleMessage(msg);
            }
        }
    

    这里邮箱调用Message对象中的回调。接着是handler中的mCallback,这是创建Handler对象时,传给构造函数的回调。如果mCallback也不存在,就调用handleMessage方法了,这就是开头例子中的使用方式了。

    ThreadLocal

    从子线程中Handler的使用方法可以看到,需要先调用一个Looper.prepare()方法,才能创建成功创建Handler,否则无法成功创建。
    prepare方法源码如下:

    public static void prepare() {
            prepare(true);
        }
    
        private static void prepare(boolean quitAllowed) {
            if (sThreadLocal.get() != null) {
                throw new RuntimeException("Only one Looper may be created per thread");
            }
            sThreadLocal.set(new Looper(quitAllowed));
        }
    

    还有,在Looper.loop()方法中,先通过myLooper方法获取了一个looper对象,其源码如下:

        public static @Nullable Looper myLooper() {
            return sThreadLocal.get();
        }
    

    这里都使用了ThreadLocal对象,那为什么要用ThreadLocal呢?这要从Handler的使用场景说起了。
    Handler主要用于延时任务或者开启一个异步任务,在开启异步任务时,肯定是需要将Handler与一个线程绑定起来,而Looper运行在这个线程中,并且读取消息、分发消息的逻辑都在Looper中,即Handler的实现逻辑都在Looper中,因此就需要使用ThreadLocal将Looper与当前线程绑定。
    那ThreadLocal怎么实现的呢?
    其实每个Thread对象中都存在一个ThreadLocal.ThreadLocalMap对象threadLocals,ThreadLocal通过读取及设置threadLocals来实现

        public void set(T value) {
            Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
            ThreadLocalMap map = getMap(t);
            if (map != null)
                map.set(this, value);
            else
                createMap(t, value);
        }
        ThreadLocalMap getMap(Thread t) {
            return t.threadLocals;
        }
        public T get() {
            Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
            ThreadLocalMap map = getMap(t);
            if (map != null) {
                ThreadLocalMap.Entry e = map.getEntry(this);
                if (e != null) {
                    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
                    T result = (T)e.value;
                    return result;
                }
            }
            return setInitialValue();
        }
    

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