. 先天智力在多大程度上决定这一个孩子未来的成功？经济学家詹姆斯．赫克曼说，答案并不是人们想得那样．他喜欢询问那些受过教育的非科学人士，特别是从政人员和政策制定者，智商在多大程度上影响着人们收入之间的差距．他说，大多数人的猜测在２５％左右，甚至有５０％．但是数据表明这种影响要小得多：在１％或２％左右．
. How much is a child's future success determined by innate intelligence? Economist James Heckman says it's not what people think. He likes to ask educated non-scientists, especially politicians and policy makers, how much of the difference between people's incomes can be tied to IQ. Most guess around 25 percent, even 50 percent, he says. But the data suggest a much smaller influence: about 1 percent or 2 percent.
. 所以如果智商仅仅是影响成功的一个较小因素，那是什么将低收入者和高收入者区分开来的呢？或者，通俗来说：你这么聪明，为啥没有变富呢？
. So if IQ is only a minor factor in success, what is it that separates the low earners from the high ones? Or, as the saying goes: if you are so smart why aren't you rich?
. 科学家对此还没有得出一个确切的答案，不过运气确实起到了作用．而据赫克曼与他人共同在＜美国国家科学院院刊＞上发表的一篇论文称，另一个关键因素是人格．他发现，经济上的成功与尽责性有关，而尽责性是一种以勤奋，毅力和自律为特征的人格特质．
. Science does not have definitive answer, although luck certainly play a role. But another key factor is personality, according to a paper co-authored in the Proceedings of National Acadamy of Sciences. He found that financial success was correlated with conscientiousness, a personality trait marked by diligence, perseverance and self-discipline.
. 为了得出这个结论，他和同事检验了四种不同的数据集，其中包括来自英国，美国以及荷兰数千人的智商得分，标准化考试得分，各项成绩和人格测评结果．其中一些数据集通过数十年的跟踪得来，其中不仅包括收入，还有犯罪记录，体重指数以及自我陈述生活满意度．
. To reach that conclusion, he and colleagues examined four different data sets, which, between them, included IQ scores, standardized test results, grades and personality assessment for thousands of people in the U.K, the U.S and Netherlands. Some of the data sets followed people over decades, tracking not just income but criminal records, body mass index and self-reported life satisfaction.
. 研究发现，与天生的智商得分相比，各项成绩及成就测试得分明显能更好地预测成年后取得的成功．这看起来会令人惊讶，毕竟，他们衡量的难道不是同一件事吗？不完全是．成绩反映的不仅仅是智力，还有赫克曼所称的非认知性技能，比如说毅力，好的学习习惯以及合作能力，换个说法就是，尽责性．范围缩小一些来讲，测试得分也是如此．因此人格很重要．
. The study found that grades and achievement -test results were markedly better predictors of adult success than raw IQ scores. It might seem surprising. After all, don't they all measure the same thing ? Not quite. Grades reflect not just intelligence but also what heckman calls “non-cognitive skills”, such as perseverance, good study habits and the ability to collaborate.In other words, conscientiousness.To a lesser extent, the same is ture of test scores. Personality counts.
. 赫克曼，与（某某某）一起荣获了2000年诺贝尔经济学奖，他是芝加哥大学人类经济发展研究中心的创始人。他认为成功不仅仅取决于天生的能力，还取决于可以被教授的技能。他自己的研究表明，在童年时期进行干预是有帮助的，尽责性比智商更具可塑性。开放性，包括好奇心在内的一个广泛特质，也与测试分数和各项成绩有关。
hinge on = depend on
adj.可塑的 malleable
. Heckman, who shared a Nobel Prize in 2000 and is a founder of the University of Chicago's Center for the Economics of Human Development, believes success hinges not just on innate ability but on the skills that can be taught. His own research suggests childhood interventions can be helpful, and that conscientiousness is more malleable than IQ. Openness, a board trait that includes curiosity, is also connected to test scores and grades.
. 当然，智商仍然很重要。智商190的人能够轻易做到的事情，智商70的人是做不了的。但是赫克曼说，很多人没能打入职场是因为他们缺乏智力测试衡量不了的技能。他们不懂得如何在面试求职过程中表现得礼貌得体。他们可能会迟到或者穿着不得体。或者在工作中，他们明确表示，自己的工作只会满足最低要求，如果非得如此的话。
. IQ still matters, of course. Someone with an IQ of 70 isn't going to be able to do things that are easy for a person with an IQ of 190.But Heckman says many people can't break into the job market because they lack the skills that aren't measured on intelligence test. They don't understand how to behave with courtesy in job interviews. They may show up late or fail to dress properly. Or on the job, they make it obvious they will do no more than the minimum, if that.
. 该篇论文的共同作者XXXXXXX表示，他希望他们的工作可以帮助澄清复杂的、经常遭到误解的能力这一概念。即便是被设计来评估天生解决问题能力的智商测验，测量的似乎也不仅仅只是聪明程度。在2011年的一项研究中，宾夕法尼亚大学的心理学家安吉拉.达克沃斯发现，智商得分同样也反映了被测试者的动力和努力程度。相较于同智商但更懒惰孩子，勤奋，积极的孩子会更努力地去解答难题。
. John Eric Humphries, a co-author of the
paper, says he hoped their work could help clarify complicated, often misunderstood notion of ability. Even IQ test, which were designed to assess innate problem-solving capabilities, appear to measure more than just smarts. In a 2011 study, University of Pennysylvania psychologist Angela Duckworth found that IQ scores also reflected test-takers' motivation and effort. Diligent, motivated kids will work harder to answer tough questions than equally intelligent but lazier ones.
. 在学校里培养学生的人格和性格特质并不容易。一方面，我们并不总是很清楚，一种特征是否越多越好。智商越高越好，尽责性可能也同样如此。但是研究人格的工作人员认为，中间立场最适合其他人格特质--你不希望自己太过内向，连说话都开不了口，也不能太过外向，住不了口、不去倾听。
性格特质：character trait
. Teaching personality or character trait wouldn't be easy. For one thing, it's not always clear weather more of a trait is always better. The higher the better for IQ, and perhaps for conscientiousness as well. But personality researchers have suggested the middle ground is best for other triats -- you don't want to be so introverted that you can't speak up, or so extroverted that can't shut up and listen.
. 这一切和经济学有什么关系呢？赫克曼说我们的最终目标是提升人类的幸福感，而获得幸福感的一个主要决定因素就是技能。
. What does any of this have to do with economics? Our ultimate goal is to improve human well-being, Heckman says, and a major determinent of well-being comes down to skills.
come down to sth.可归结为sth.
网友评论