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LeetCode #526: Beautiful Arrange

LeetCode #526: Beautiful Arrange

作者: Branch | 来源:发表于2017-06-26 10:11 被阅读0次

    Problem

    Suppose you have N integers from 1 to N. We define a beautiful arrangement as an array that is constructed by these N numbers successfully if one of the following is true for the ith position (1 ≤ i ≤ N) in this array:

    The number at the ith position is divisible by i.
    i is divisible by the number at the ith position.
    Now given N, how many beautiful arrangements can you construct?

    Example 1:

    Input: 2
    Output: 2
    Explanation: 
    
    The first beautiful arrangement is [1, 2]:
    
    Number at the 1st position (i=1) is 1, and 1 is divisible by i (i=1).
    
    Number at the 2nd position (i=2) is 2, and 2 is divisible by i (i=2).
    
    The second beautiful arrangement is [2, 1]:
    
    Number at the 1st position (i=1) is 2, and 2 is divisible by i (i=1).
    
    Number at the 2nd position (i=2) is 1, and i (i=2) is divisible by 1.
    

    Note:
    N is a positive integer and will not exceed 15.

    题意

    输入整数N,表示有N个数需要放置在N个位置上(数字和位置的下标都是从1到N),如果能够找出一个序列中任意一个数都满足以下两个条件中的一个,则将这个序列称为一个Beautiful Arrangement:

    1. arr[i]能够被i整除,i = 1, 2, ..., N
    2. i能够被arr[i]整除,i = 1, 2, ..., N

    对于给出的N,要求计算出共有多少种Beautiful Arrangement.

    分析

    简单分析该题可以发现,将N个数字放置在N个位置上,这样的问题是较为典型的回溯问题:假设前i个数字已经放置好(满足条件1或条件2),则对于第i+1个位置,如果能从还未被放置的数字集合unused(或visited)中找到一个满足条件的数字k,则将其放在第i+1个位置,同时将k从unused中去掉(或者将visited[k - 1]标记为true),继续对第i+2执行相同的操作(通过递归调用);如果找不到满足条件的数字,则回溯到上一层,修改第'i'个位置的数字,再尝试第'i+1'个位置···依此类推。
    递归的base case应当是递归树的高度达到了N,如果当前层次为第N层,则表示从0到N-1层得到的这条路径是一个Beautiful Arrangement,count++。

    Code

    对于回溯同样也有不同的实现,下面贴出两段代码,都用到了回溯的思想,但在具体的实现上有所不同。

    使用visited

    //主要的思想是从后向前开始递归,即递归树的根节点是最后一个元素
    //使用visited数组标识数字i是否已经被使用过
    
    //Runtime: 19ms
    class Solution {
    private:
        vector<bool> visited;
        int count;
        void _dfs(int N, int nextPos){
            if (nextPos == 0){
                count++;
                return;
            }
            for (int i = 1; i <= N; i++){
                //该数字已经被使用 || 两个条件都不满足
                if (visited[i - 1] || nextPos % i != 0 && i % nextPos != 0)
                    continue;
                visited[i - 1] = true;
                //深入
                _dfs(N, nextPos - 1);
                //回溯
                visited[i - 1] = false;
            }
        }
    public:
        int countArrangement(int N){
            count = 0;
            visited.resize(N);
            for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) visited[i] = false;
            _dfs(N, N);
            return count;
        }
    };
    

    使用swap

    //这是Solution中效率很高的一份代码,贴在这里以供学习
    //同样是从后向前,这个解法的作者使用swap函数代替了visited数组,主要思路如下:
    //1. 初始化一个数组容器v,存放的元素为[1...N](不包括0)
    //1. 假设后面的下标从p+1到N-1的位置都已经放置好,考虑下标为p的位置
    //2. for(int i = 0; i < p; i++) 遍历从v[0]到v[p-1]的数,如果v[i]满足条件,则将v[i]与v[p-1]交换
    //3. 再次递归时,需要考虑的就只是下标从0到p-1的位置该如何放置了
    //4. 返回结果时,再将v[i]与v[p-1]交换回来
    
    //Runtime: 6ms
    class Solution {
    private:
        int _count(int n, vector<int>& v){
            if (n <= 1)    return 1;
            int result = 0;
            for (int i = 0; i < n; i++){
                if (v[i] % n == 0 || n % v[i] == 0){
                    swap(v[i], v[n - 1]);
                    result += _count(n - 1, v);
                    swap(v[i], v[n - 1]);
                }
            }
            return result;
        }
    public:
        int countArrangement(int N) {
            vector<int> v;
            v.resize(N);
            for (int i = 0; i < N; i++)    v[i] = i + 1;
            return _count(N, v);
        }
    };
    

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