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handler机制

handler机制

作者: jackzhoud | 来源:发表于2017-04-27 09:51 被阅读0次

    handler机制:

    概念

     handler机制是一种异步通信机制,通常用于子线程中数据更新后,通知主线程UI更新。
    

    handler运行框架图

    运行
     从上面handler的运行框架图来看,为了完成handler整个流程,你必须按事先创建好四个东西:
     handler、Message、MessageQueue和Looper,也许Looper从上图来看并不是必须的,因为遍历MessageQueue只是调用了一个静态方法而已,并没有实例化一个Looper对象,既然这么想,那我们看看Looper.Loop()源码就知道了:
    
        /**
         * Run the message queue in this thread. Be sure to call
         * {@link #quit()} to end the loop.
         */
        public static void loop() {
            final Looper me = myLooper();     //获取了一个Looper对象
            if (me == null) {
                throw new RuntimeException("No Looper; Looper.prepare() wasn't called on this thread.");
            }
            final MessageQueue queue = me.mQueue;
    
            // Make sure the identity of this thread is that of the local process,
            // and keep track of what that identity token actually is.
            Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
            final long ident = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
    
            for (;;) {
                Message msg = queue.next(); // might block
                if (msg == null) {
                    // No message indicates that the message queue is quitting.
                    return;
                }
    
                ........
                try {
                    msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg);
                } finally {
                    if (traceTag != 0) {
                        Trace.traceEnd(traceTag);
                    }
                }
    
                .......
                msg.recycleUnchecked();
            }
        }
    
    上面第6行代码就会获得一个Looper实例,所以你还需要一个Looper实例的,那么你就会有一个疑问了,Looper对象哪里创建的呢?解决的办法就是跟踪源码myLooper()
    
    public static @Nullable Looper myLooper() {
            return sThreadLocal.get();
        }
    

    上面代码就是利用ThreadLocal获取一个局部变量ThreadLocal,而这个局部变量也是在ThreadLocal.set(Object)设置进去的,那么又是在哪个地方设置进去的呢,继续跟踪代码,经过一番查找,我们在Looper类里面有这么几个方法:

    private static void prepare(boolean quitAllowed) {
            if (sThreadLocal.get() != null) {
                throw new RuntimeException("Only one Looper may be created per thread");
            }
            sThreadLocal.set(new Looper(quitAllowed));
        }
    
    对,没错,就是这个方法;这个方法创建Looper对象;并且可以看出:ThreadLocal局部变量一经设置后就不允许再次设置,所以这个方法只能在同一个线程里面只能调用一次
    

    跟踪到这里,Looper算是弄明白了,不难总结出,Looper这个对象必须要在handler发送消息之前就事先创建好,并且也只能创建一次,不然你使用Looper.Loop()无法进行消息遍历的,但是通常我们在Activity里面使用Handler的时候,并没有调用Looper.prepare()去创建Looper,这是怎么回事呢?
     答案就是:Activity通常是在UI线程中,但却不是UI线程的入口,UI线程入口是ActivityThread.main()这里,这个类里面帮我们去创建了Looper,查看源码就可以知道:

    public static void main(String[] args) {
            …………
    
            Looper.prepareMainLooper();             //创建Looper并ThreadLocal.set(Looper)绑定
    
            ActivityThread thread = new ActivityThread();
            thread.attach(false);
    
            if (sMainThreadHandler == null) {      //创建handler
                sMainThreadHandler = thread.getHandler();
            }
    
            if (false) {
                Looper.myLooper().setMessageLogging(new
                        LogPrinter(Log.DEBUG, "ActivityThread"));
            }
    
            // End of event ActivityThreadMain.
            Trace.traceEnd(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER);
            Looper.loop();                        //looper遍历队列
    
            throw new RuntimeException("Main thread loop unexpectedly exited");
        }
    
    从这儿我们就可以看出handler的执行步骤了:
    1. 创建Looper   --- Looper.prepare()
    2. 创建Handler对象 --- new handler
    3. 遍历队列  ---  Looper.loop()
    

    总结: UI线程中,你只需要执行第二步就可以了,如果是在非UI线程,你就必须三步都执行才行

    handler的使用流程,已经分析清楚了。
    但是内部如何发送、Looper怎么遍历以及如何接受消息并处还不是很清楚,下面继续分析来搞明白这些问题:
    

    创建Looper

    这个好理解,不管是UI线程还是非UI线程,最终都会去调用prepare()方法去new Looper()对象,那这个Looper对象里面有什么东西呢?看源码了解下:
    
    final MessageQueue mQueue;
    final Thread mThread;
    private Looper(boolean quitAllowed) {
            mQueue = new MessageQueue(quitAllowed);
            mThread = Thread.currentThread();
        }
    
     Looper里面创建了MessageQueue和上面的连接起来了,Looper里面创建了MessageQueue,这个队列是一个链表结构的队列
    

    Handler

    handler用法我们一般是下面这两种方式来使用:
    
    private Handler handler = new Handler(){
    
            @Override
            public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
                //your code
            }
            
        };
            handler.sendEmptyMessage(0);            //send方式
            handler.post(new Runnable() {           //post方式
                
                @Override
                public void run() {
                    //your code
                }
            });
    
    先看第一种send方式,源码:
    
    public final boolean sendEmptyMessage(int what)
        {
            return sendEmptyMessageDelayed(what, 0);
        }
    
    这个好理解,继续:
    
    public final boolean sendEmptyMessageDelayed(int what, long delayMillis) {
            Message msg = Message.obtain();
            msg.what = what;
            return sendMessageDelayed(msg, delayMillis);
        }
    
    这里,我们发现即使发送空的Message,Handler都会主动去创建Message,并且自行携带一个延时参数;
    
    public final boolean sendMessageDelayed(Message msg, long delayMillis)
        {
            if (delayMillis < 0) {
                delayMillis = 0;
            }
            return sendMessageAtTime(msg, SystemClock.uptimeMillis() + delayMillis);
        }
    
    SystemClock.uptimeMillis()表示开机到现在的毫秒数,不包括睡眠时间,这里为什么要使用这个时间而不是用System.currentTimeMillis(),暂时我也无法理解,可能是因为handler通信有阻塞的关系?
    
    public boolean sendMessageAtTime(Message msg, long uptimeMillis) {
            MessageQueue queue = mQueue;
            if (queue == null) {
                RuntimeException e = new RuntimeException(
                        this + " sendMessageAtTime() called with no mQueue");
                Log.w("Looper", e.getMessage(), e);
                return false;
            }
            return enqueueMessage(queue, msg, uptimeMillis);  //消息入队
        }
    
    到这里也印证上面,如果你之前没有创建好Looper就直接使用handler,在这个方法里面就会跑出空队列MessageQueue的异常,mQueue是Handler的成员变量,这个变量在handler的构造方法里面通过Looper获取的
    
    private boolean enqueueMessage(MessageQueue queue, Message msg, long uptimeMillis) {
            msg.target = this;
            if (mAsynchronous) {
                msg.setAsynchronous(true);
            }
            return queue.enqueueMessage(msg, uptimeMillis);
        }
    
    这里就会给Message的target赋值this,this就是指你发送的这个handler,后面的enqueueMessage就是消息入队了:
    
    boolean enqueueMessage(Message msg, long when) {
            if (msg.target == null) {
                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Message must have a target.");
            }
            if (msg.isInUse()) {
                throw new IllegalStateException(msg + " This message is already in use.");
            }
    
            synchronized (this) {    //同步
                if (mQuitting) {
                    IllegalStateException e = new IllegalStateException(
                            msg.target + " sending message to a Handler on a dead thread");
                    Log.w(TAG, e.getMessage(), e);
                    msg.recycle();
                    return false;
                }
    
                msg.markInUse();
                msg.when = when;                //完整封装Message
                Message p = mMessages;          //消息的头节点
                boolean needWake; 
                if (p == null || when == 0 || when < p.when) {
                    // New head, wake up the event queue if blocked.
                    msg.next = p;
                    mMessages = msg;
                    needWake = mBlocked;
                } else {
                    // Inserted within the middle of the queue.  Usually we don't have to wake
                    // up the event queue unless there is a barrier at the head of the queue
                    // and the message is the earliest asynchronous message in the queue.
                    needWake = mBlocked && p.target == null && msg.isAsynchronous();
                    Message prev;   
                    for (;;) {    //根据延时插入消息队列
                        prev = p;
                        p = p.next;
                        if (p == null || when < p.when) {
                            break;
                        }
                        if (needWake && p.isAsynchronous()) {
                            needWake = false;
                        }
                    }
                    msg.next = p; // invariant: p == prev.next
                    prev.next = msg;
                }
    
                // We can assume mPtr != 0 because mQuitting is false.
                if (needWake) {
                    nativeWake(mPtr);
                }
            }
            return true;
        }
    
    (1)首先判断消息的接收者是否赋值,如果没赋值消息就不知道发给谁了
    (2)when值封装到Message里面去
    (3)插入消息队列,根据延时长短插入进去,队列按照延时由短到长排列,最后消息取出来的时候也是先取短的,后取长的
    

    到这步send方式的就完成了,post方式的情况和send方式大同小异,就是前面的消息封装不一样

     public final boolean post(Runnable r)
        {
           return  sendMessageDelayed(getPostMessage(r), 0);
        }
    private static Message getPostMessage(Runnable r) {
            Message m = Message.obtain();
            m.callback = r;
            return m;
        }
    
    private static Message getPostMessage(Runnable r, Object token) {
            Message m = Message.obtain();
            m.obj = token;
            m.callback = r;
            return m;
        }
    //
    
    post方式底层也会产生一个Message,并把Runnable赋值给Message.callback对象,后面的sendMessageDelayed和send就是一样的了
    

    handler发送总结:
    (1)使用Handler之前一定要创建Looper对象
    (2)new Handler的构造方法会去拿第一个步骤创建的Looper和MessageQueue
    (3)send和post方式底层都会封装Message,只是Message内部成员赋值不同而已
    (4)最终都会调用底层的sendMessageAtTime(msg,when)
    (5)进入消息队列,根据延时when的长短

    Looper.loop()遍历队列

    //Looper.java
    public static void loop() {
            final Looper me = myLooper();
            if (me == null) {
                throw new RuntimeException("No Looper; Looper.prepare() wasn't called on this thread.");
            }
            final MessageQueue queue = me.mQueue;
    
            // Make sure the identity of this thread is that of the local process,
            // and keep track of what that identity token actually is.
            Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
            final long ident = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
    
            for (;;) {
                Message msg = queue.next(); // might block
                if (msg == null) {
                    // No message indicates that the message queue is quitting.
                    return;
                }
    
                // This must be in a local variable, in case a UI event sets the logger
                final Printer logging = me.mLogging;
                if (logging != null) {
                    logging.println(">>>>> Dispatching to " + msg.target + " " +
                            msg.callback + ": " + msg.what);
                }
    
                final long traceTag = me.mTraceTag;
                if (traceTag != 0) {
                    Trace.traceBegin(traceTag, msg.target.getTraceName(msg));
                }
                try {
                    msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg);
                } finally {
                    if (traceTag != 0) {
                        Trace.traceEnd(traceTag);
                    }
                }
    
              …………
    
                msg.recycleUnchecked();
            }
        }
    
    (1)queue.next()遍历取消息,这是一个阻塞方法
    (2)取出消息后msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg)发送消息,target也就是之前在发送的时候设置的
    

    接收Message并处理

    public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
        }
        
        /**
         * Handle system messages here.
         */
        public void dispatchMessage(Message msg) {
            if (msg.callback != null) {
                handleCallback(msg);
            } else {
                if (mCallback != null) {
                    if (mCallback.handleMessage(msg)) {
                        return;
                    }
                }
                handleMessage(msg);
            }
        }
    
     从上面可以看出最终执行的有三种方式:
     (1)handleCallback(msg);  这种方式就是我们使用post的方式
     (2)mCallback.handleMessage(msg)   这种方式是我们使用Handler构造方法传递Callback方式使用的:
     例如:public Handler(Looper looper, Callback callback, boolean async)
     (3)handleMessage(msg);  最后这种就是我们在Activity写匿名内部类的时候用的,重写了handleMessage(msg)方法的
    

    至此,handler的发送到接收方式就分析完了,如有错误,还请指正!
    Android相关源码在此:
    https://github.com/android/platform_frameworks_base/tree/master/core/java/android/os

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