1.the 通常用作冠词,有时用作副词。以下从 2 到 29 讲的是冠词,从 30 到 34 讲的是副词。
2.哪里该用 the,哪里不该用 the,变化很多,一切该从习惯,不是几条规则所能包括的。在这本词典里讲到不少,如 at night,at nights 和 by night 三种表达方式里没有 the,但 in the night 里有 the(参见 night 3)。往往用 the 和不用 the 意思不同,如 in front of 和 in the front of(参见 front 1),keep house 和 keep the house(参见 house 1),out of question 和 out of the question(参见 question 1)。
3.the 有时有“的确那一个而不是其他”、“那唯一的”、“那最著名的”、“那最典型的”或“那最理想的”的意思。例如:
That is the book I was looking for. (那正是我刚才正在找的那本书。)
That is the word to be used here. (那是这里该用的唯一的词。)
He is the poet of the day. (他是现代最著名的诗人。)
Mary was the landlady. (玛丽是最典型的女房东。)
This is the drink for hot weather. (这个是热天最理想的饮料。)
在这种用法里,the 该特别重读,手写该加上一横线在下面,印刷用斜体。the 的重读,一向作[ðiː],但因为 the 在不重读的时候通常作[ðə],近几年来也有人在重读的时候读作[ðə],如把the book 读作[ˈðəˈbʊk]。
有时重读的 the 跟重读的 a 相对。例如:The lecture deals with the novel, not a novel. (这演讲论述长篇小说这文学类型,并不论述某一本长篇小说。)
4.the 通常不用在人名、地名或其他专有名词的前面,但有例外:
(1)the 用在姓的复数形式的前面,指“……家的人们”,如the Browns。the Browns 也许指 Brown 家全体的人们,也许指 Brown 家的弟兄们、姐妹们、夫妇们、父子们、母女们,总之指 Brown 家的两人或两人以上。有一个不合理而合乎习惯的用法该注意:如把the John Browns 用来指 Brown 夫妇和他们的子女,事实上只有 John Brown 自己叫 John Brown,他的妻和子女并不叫 John Brown。the Stuarts 指英国 Stuart 王朝。the Ptolemies 指埃及 Ptolemy 王朝。说“唐朝”、“宋朝”等英美人也往往用the T'angs, the Sungs 等,实际是不合理的。
(2)Messrs Brown 和the Messrs Brown 都可以说。注意 Brown 作单数形式。
(3)the Mrs Browns 里的 the 不可省去。注意 Browns 作复数形式。
(4)the Miss Browns 和the Misses Brown 里的 the 不可省去。参见 miss 7
(5)the Brown children,the Brown brothers,the Brown sisters,the brothers Brown,the sisters Brown 等表达方式里的 the 不可省去。
(6)Chairman Mao,Premier Zhou,King George,Queen Elizabeth,General Lee,Professor Clarke 等前面没有 the,但下面各种表达方式里习惯有 the:
the Archduke Ferdinand,the Tsar Peter,the Emperor Napoleon,the Empress Wu(武则天)
Chairman Mao,Premier Zhou,King George,Queen Elizabeth,General Lee,Professor Clarke 等都很普通。但下面各种表达方式都是美国报纸用语:
Author Jack London, Poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Critic J. Moore, Translator L. S. Greene, Lawyer P. Harrison, Farmer Wilson, Carpenter Maxwell
(7)用 Reverend 或 Rev. 称牧师时前面可以用the 或The,也可以不用,参见 reverend
(8)下面各种表达方式里都没有 the:
dear John, poor John, little John, dear little John, poor little John, young John, old John, beautiful Jane Brown, Immortal Shakespeare, honest James, Heroic Stalingrad, Ancient China, Elizabethan England, Feudal Europe
但the wise Solomon(聪明的所罗门[圣经人名]),the ambitious Caesar (有野心的恺撒[古罗马皇帝])等表达方式里习惯有 the,因为那形容词是表示那个人的特性的。相似的有the restless Byron,the dreamy Alice,the frightened Harry,the disappointed Edward 等。the younger Pitt 和the elder Pitt(都是英国政治家,都叫 William Pitt,前者是子,后者是父)等表达方式里也习惯有 the。参见 young 2
(9)the 用在姓的前面有时指有那个姓的最著名的人,例如假定某地有许多姓 Brown 的人,那最著名的是 John Herbert Brown,the Brown 便指 John Herbert Brown。这样用法的 the 和 3 里所讲的 the 相同,该特别重读,手写该在下面加上一横线,印刷用斜体。
(10)在苏格兰和爱尔兰 the 用在族长的姓的前面,如the Mackintosh 和the Macgillcuddy。
(11)the 用在人名或地名前面有时指跟那个人或那地方相像的人或地方。例如:
Lu Xun(鲁迅)has been called the Gorky of China.
Which city in England do you think may be called the Shanghai of the West?
(12)the 用在人名或地名前面有时指某时的某人或某地,有时指有那个名字的某一个个别的人或物。例如:
When he came back, he was no longer the Brown we had known twenty years before, nor did he find Tsinan the Tsinan he had then known.
The semi-feudal, semi-colonial China we used to live in is now a thing of the past.
The William Moore I know is a doctor.
The Cambridge, where Harvard University is, is so named in honour of the English university town.
(13)复数形式的地名前面有 the。例如:
the Alps(山脉)
the Rockies(山脉)
the Cotswolds(苏格兰的小山脉)
the Ural Mountains
the Berkshire Hills
the East Indies(群岛)
the British Isles
the Philippine Islands
the Highlands(苏格兰的山区)
the Lowlands(苏格兰的平原区)
the Midlands(英格兰的中区[各郡])
the Potteries(英格兰的瓷业区)
the Netherlands(国)
the United States (of America)(国)
the Americas(南北美洲[的各国])
the Carolinas(美国的 North Carolina 和 South Carolina 两州)
the Dakotas(美国的 North Dakota 和 South Dakota 两州)
山脉名即使没有 Mountains,Hills 或...s,前面也有 the,如the Altai 和the Tianshan(天山)。
(14)河名、海名和洋名的前面有 the。例如:
the Thames, the river Thames, the River Thames 或the Thames River (参见 river), the Yangtze River, the Huanghe, the Volga, the Rhine, the Ganges, the Baltic (Sea), the Caspian (Sea), the Pacific (Ocean), the Atlantic (Ocean)
但英国的地名 Stratford-on-Avon,Stoke-on-Trent 等里的 Avon,Trent 等虽然也是河名,却没有 the。
(15)关于湖名前面有 the 或没有 the,参见 lake
(16)关于山名...Hill 前面有 the 或没有 the,参见 hill 3
(17)关于路名...Road 前面有 the 或没有 the,参见 road 3
(18)Argentine,Crimea,Hague,Punjab,Riviera,Sahara,S(o)udan,Transvaal,Tyrol 和 Ukraine 各词的前面习惯有 the,参见各词条。Hague 前面通常用The,很少用the。
(19)East End(伦敦的东区),West End(伦敦的西区),East Side(纽约的东区),West Side(纽约的西区),English Channel, Persian Gulf 各种表达方式前面有 the。
但下面各种表达方式的前面没有 the:
Buckingham Palace(白金汉宫)
London Bridge
Scotland Yard(伦敦警察厅)
Westminster Abbey(威斯敏斯特教堂)
Province of Jiangsu 等表达方式前面有 the,但 Jiangsu Province 等表达方式的前面没有 the。
(20)船名前面可以有 the(或The),也可以没有。在海军界往往不用 the(或The),但在一般的文字里通常有 the(或The)。用了 the(或The)往往可以避免误解,如 Queen Mary has just started 里的 Queen Mary 也许指人,也许指船,但The Queen Mary has just started 里的 The Queen Mary 一定指船,不指人。
(21) the Park Hotel, the Bedford(旅馆名),the Spreadeagle Inn, the George(客栈名),the Holborn(餐馆名),the Grand Theatre 和the Shaftesbury(戏院名)各种表达方式里习惯有 the。假使没有了 the,Bedford,Holborn 和 Shaftesbury 是地名,George 是人名。
(22)书名、报纸名和杂志名的开首往往有 The,如The Concise Oxford Dictionary, The Times 和The Humorist。在不以 The 开首的书名、报纸名或杂志名前面也往往加上 the。但假使原来以 A 开首,便不可有 the,如A Dictionary of English Usage,决不可说 the A Dictionary of English Usage。假使原来以人名开首或全名是人名,也不可有 the,如不可说 the Gulliver's Travels 和 the David Copperfield。但可以说 The Dictionary of English Usage on the table is the new edition 和 The Gulliver's Travels I have borrowed from the library is a cheap reprint。
Bible 前面有 the。Scriptures 前面有 the,但 Scripture 前面没有 the。
The Vicar of Wakefield 里有 The,但 Oliver Goldsmith's (The) Vicar of Wakefield 里的 The 可有可无。比较下面两句:
I advise you to consult The Oxford Companion to English Literature on the shelf.
I advise you to consult the Oxford Companion to English Literature on the shelf.
第二句里的 the Oxford Companion to English Literature 可能有三个意思:(a)书名里原来没有 The 或 A。(b)书名的第一词原来是 The。(c)书名的第一词原来是 A。
(23)注意下面三句里的 the:
A new Jack Lindsay and a new James Aldridge have just appeared, I have bought the Aldridge only. ([现代英国作家]Jack Lindsay 的一本新著作和[现代澳洲作家]James Aldridge 的一本新著作刚刚出版,我只买了 Aldridge 的那本新著作。)
He wants to sell the Turner. (他要出卖这张[英国 19 世纪画家 Joseph Mallord William]Turner 所作的画。)
She is sitting in the Ford. (她正坐在这辆 Ford 牌的汽车里。)
(24)文学作品或艺术作品的名称开首没有 The 的有时前面也加上 the,表示它是著名的,如the Paradise Lost(英国诗人 John Milton 的长诗)和the Mona Lisa(意大利画家 Leonardo da Vinci 的名画“蒙娜·丽莎”)。
(25)United States (of America), United Kingdom 和 United Nations 各种表达方式前面必须有 the,但它们的简写形式(U.S.(A.), U.K.和 U.N.)前面有时没有 the。
5.注意下面各句里的 English 前面的有 the 或没有 the:
Does he understand English?
Does he understand the English?
Is he making a study of the English language?
Does he study English literature?
Is this translated from the English?
This French word is derived from the English.
Can he translate from English into Chinese?
What is the English for "电木"?
He likes the story, but does not like the English.
第一句里的 English 统指英语,前面没有 the。第二句里的 the English 指“英国民族”。第三句里用 language,前面有 the(参见 language)。第四句里用 literature,前面没有 the(参见 literature 1)。第五句里的 English 是 from 的宾语,有 English original 或 English of the author 的意思,前面有 the。第六句里的 English 有 English origin 的意思。第七句里因为 Chinese 前面没有 the,所以 English 前面也没有 the。但加上 the 也可以。第八句里的 English 有 English word 或 English expression 的意思,前面有 the。第九句里的 English 有 English of the story 的意思,前面有 the。
6.比较下面各语:
Byron the poet(1.那著名的诗人拜伦[不是别人]2.就诗人而论的拜伦[不是就人而论或就革命者而论的拜伦])
Byron, the poet(拜伦,那著名的诗人)
Byron, a poet(拜伦,一个诗人)
Byron, poet(跟 Byron, a poet 意思相同,人名词典等参考资料里往往没有 a)
the poet Byron(诗人拜伦[不是其他诗人,也不是其他拜伦])
7.下面每组里的三句意思相同(the..., a...和...s 都统指...):
第一组里的第一句最不普通,第三句最普通。第二组里的第二句不很自然。
注意不说The dogs are faithful animals 和 This dictionary will prove of great value to the Chinese students of English。下面两句都有the...s,注意指“某个民族”或“某种人”:
The Germans are an intersting people.
He says he keeps away from the lawyers and the doctors.
一般人统指狗说the dog 或 dogs 而不说the dogs,统指蔷薇花说the rose 或 roses 而不说the roses,动物学家说the dogs,植物学家说 the roses。但该注意动物学家所说的the dogs 指“狗科”的一切动物,植物学家所说的the roses 指“蔷薇科”的一切植物,都是学术上的说法。统指一般的狗,动物学家也说the dog 或 dogs,统指一般的蔷薇花,植物学家也说the rose 或 roses。例如:
The dog is a faithful animal.
Dogs are faithful animals.
The rose is a beautiful flower.
Roses are beautiful flowers.
8.注意下面第一组里有 the,第二组里没有 the:
下面有两点该注意:
(1)第一组里的名词是乐器名,第二组里的名词是运动项目名。
(2)第一组里的 the 不可改作 a,也不可把 the...改作...s。
9.下面每组里的两句意思相同,
每组里的第一句不及第二句普通。the 的这种用法主要流行在英国。
10.下面两句都作“这本书一千一千地售出”解:
This book sells by the thousand.
This book sells by thousands.
第二句不及第一句普通。
下面三句里的 by the...不可改作 by...s:
They sell it by the catty. (他们把这东西论斤出售。)
He works by the day. (他按日工作。)
The boat is hired by the hour. (这船按小时出租。)
11.下面三种表达方式意思不同:
on Monday(1.在最近过去的星期一 2.在以后的第一个星期一 3.在每星期一)
on the Monday(1.在那个[或已过,或未来的]星期一 2.在每星期一)
on Mondays(在每星期一)
12.the 用在指人的词的前面有时指那种人的特性。例如:
The poet in me was then born. (我便在那个时候生出了诗人的性格。)
There is still much of the schoolboy in him. (他仍旧有学童的性格。)
也可以说 the poet in us,不说 the poets in us。
the 用在指物的词的前面有时指跟那东西有关的事物。例如:
Peter is too fond of the bottle. (彼得太喜欢喝酒。)
He went on the stage at thirty. (他在 30 岁开始登台演戏。)
13.病名前面有时有 the,有时没有,有下面两点该注意:
(1)gout,measles,smallpox,toothache 等词的前面现在没有 the 比有 the 普通。
(2)creeps(肉麻感),dumps(忧郁病),horrors(惊恐病)等词都有俚语性质,前面习惯有 the。
14.关于the twenties,the eighties 等表达方式,参见 eighty。the 1950's 是 20 世纪 50 年代。
15.下面每组里的三种表达方式意思相同,注意第一种表达方式里有 the,第二种表达方式和第三种表达方式里没有 the,第三种表达方式最不普通:
16.the 用在形容词或分词前面指:
(1)……的人们。例如:
the poor and the rich(穷人和富人)
The sick are here cared for. (病人在这里被看护着。)
The wounded and the dying were rushed to hospital. (受伤的人和垂死的人被急送到医院去。)
(2)……的一个人。例如:
The deceased (死者) was a great friend of mine.
The accused (被告) was soon acquitted.
(3)……的一切。例如:
Many readers loved the sensational. (许多读者爱好骇人听闻的一切事情。)
He has no eye for the beautiful. (他没有审美的眼光。)
(4)……的一件事。例如:
The unexpected always happens. (1.意料不到的事情常会发生。2.天有不测风云。)
The inevitable was not long in coming. (不可避免的事不久就发生了。)
可以说 the leisured rich(有闲的富人),the hungry poor(饥饿的穷人),the aged poor(年老的穷人),all the bereaved poor of the district(那地方的失去了亲人的穷人)等。
17.两个或两个以上的名词在连用的时候往往省去 the,如下面每组里最后一句里的斜体的名词前面没有 the:
下面各句里的斜体的名词的前面也没有 the:
The relations between parent and child are excellent.
Information about it is eagerly sought alike by friend and foe.
Rider and horse fell.
The article deals with the contact between East and West.
That is a sonata for violin and piano.
I often make mistakes on a typewriter that I never make with pen or tongue.
Please pass me pencil and paper.
The horizon is the apparent meeting place of earth and sky.
Doctor, nurse, and patient have become the best of friends.
References must be made to chapter, section, paragraph, page, and line.
from beginning to end, from head to foot, from top to bottom, from cellar to attic, live from hand to mouth (勉强生活着), keep body and soul together (勉强生活着), cannot make head or tail of (不了解)等表达方式里也没有 the。这种 the 的省略也是同一性质的。
18.在亲密些的文字和口语里,往往在 father,mother,uncle,nurse,cook 等词前面省去 the。例如:
Father is coming home tomorrow.
We are spending a pleasant holiday with mother.
Uncle has written us a very charming letter.
When the children were playing in the park, nurse talked to a friend.
Where is cook off to?
19.在重要职位名称的前面往往省去 the。例如:
He held the post of (the) headmaster for fifteen years.
He is (the) manager of a bank.
She is (the) editor of a magazine for women.
John, (the) king of England, signed Magna Charta in 1215.
20.在呼唤语前面没有 the。例如:
Shall I fetch the book, professor?
My eyesight is still weak, doctor.
21.在“膳食,一餐(meal)”的名称前面通常没有 the。例如:
Breakfast is ready.
He has asked her to lunch.
They left the house after dinner.
She came too late for tea.
22.在下面各句里习惯用 the 而不用物主代词。例如:
The stone strunk him in the eye.
He touched me on the shoulder.
He caught me by the arm.
She patted the baby on the head.
注意 He touched us on the shoulder 里不用 shoulders, She patted the babies on the head 里不用 heads。
23.属于最高级的词前面和序数词前面通常有 the,如the youngest boy in the class 和the second chapter。但有下面几种例外:
(1)在最高级的意味削弱的时候,如 with best wishes 和 with kindest regards。
(2)在用在谓语里的属于最高级的副词的前面。例如:
The story I like best is a long novel.
She says she works best early in the morning and worst late at night.
What most pleased him (或 What pleased him most) was the familiar style of the book.
(3)在 most 作“大多数(的)”解的时候。例如:
Most children like these stories.
Most exercise is beneficial.
Most of the children like these stories.
Most of the exercise is beneficial.
第三句和第四句里的 Most of...在美国有时作The most of...,参见 most 6
(4)在 most 作“很(very)”解的时候。例如:
It is most kind of you to say so.
Her letter is most interesting.
(5)在把属于最高级的形容词用在表示情感(emotion)的时候,比较下面每组里的各句:
每组里的第四句表示情感,但最不普通。
(6)在表语形容词的前面。例如:
The river is deepest at this point.
It is coldest at midnight.
但必须说 This is the deepest part of the river 和 We have the coldest weather at midnight。
24.有许多习语是一个介词后面接着一个名词,那个名词的前面没有 the。例如:
at hand, at home, in bed, in question, on foot, on purpose
有许多习语是一个及物动词后面接着一个名词,或一个不及物动词后面接着一个介词和一个名词,或一个及物动词后面接着一个名词和一个介词,那个名词的前面没有 the。例如:
catch fire, follow suit, go to school, lose sight of
25.比较下面每组里的两句:
26.在报纸、杂志和书的标题里往往省去 the,在广告和商业文件里也往往省去 the。例如:
(The) Geneva Conference Opens on 17 July(标题)
(The) U. S. President in (the) West(标题)
Write for (the) free booklet. (广告)
Apply to (the) above address. (广告)
Use (the) coupon today! (广告或商业文件)
Copies of (the) catalogue will be sent shortly. (商业文件)
27.在电报、熟人之间的通信和日记里往往省去 the。例如:
(I shall) Arrive (at the) office (on) Monday. (电报)
Father said (the) football match was a great success. (通信)
Perfect weather. (I) Spent (the) whole morning preparing (the) report on (the) Elements of English Phonetics. (The) Cat sat watching (the) goldfish, reminded me of Thomas Gray's poem. (日记)
28.在注解和定义里往往省去 the。例如:
See (the) next word. (注解)
Circle: a space enclosed by a curved line every point of which is (the) same distance from (the) centre. (定义)
29.下面两种表达方式意思相同:
the nineteenth and the twentieth century
the nineteenth and twentieth centuries
the nineteenth and the twentieth centuries 也有人说,但不好,因为这好像说一共有两个或两个以上的 19 世纪和 20 世纪。
比较下面每组里的两句:
Father and son disagree 和 Father and son agree 也可以说,参见 17
比较下面两种表达方式:
the black and the white cat(两只猫,一黑一白)
the black and white cat(一只黑白猫)
the black and white cats 可能有四个意思:(1)两只猫,一黑一白。(2)两只黑白猫。(3)两只以上的猫,有黑有白。(4)两只以上的黑白猫。为避免误解起见,该改作:
the black and the white cat (1), the two black-and-white cats (2),
the black and the white cats (3), the black-and-white cats (4)
其中(4)也可以作“两只猫,一黑一白”解。
30.the 往往在属于比较级的形容词或副词前面用作指示副词,作“为了那个”或“到那个程度地”解。例如:
Now that he has taken a long rest, he looks the better.
If you start now, you will be back the sooner.
I am the more interested in his work because he is my cousin.
As the hour approached, she grew the more nervous.
none the better, none the less 等表达方式里的 the 就是这个指示副词(参见 none 7)。nevertheless 里的 the 也是(参见 nevertheless)。
不要以为用在属于比较级的形容词或副词前面的 the 一定是副词,如下面两句里的 the 是冠词,不是副词:
I do not know which of his parents is the more interested in his work.
I do not know which of his parents is the more keenly interested in his work.
31.属于比较级的形容词或副词前面用了副词 the,后面不可有 than。假使那 the 不是副词而是冠词,后面也不可有 than。参见 than 7和8
32.so much the better 和 so much the worse 两种表达方式很普通。严格地说,so much better(或 worse)和 the better(或 worse)意思相同,so much the...有重复的毛病,但事实上 so much the better(或 worse)很普通。
33.在30里说过,指示副词 the 作“为了那个”或“到那个程度地”解。决不可在没有这种意思的时候随意用它,如下面两句里的 the 该删去:
That is surely a very important question, but we are the more interested in an entirely different one.
We must not expect any help from him, he is the more likely to interfere with our work.
34.从30到33所讲的 the 是指示副词,下面三句里的斜体 the 是关系副词,作“到某个程度地”解:
The sooner the better. (愈早愈好。)
The more learned a man is, the more modest he is (或 is he). (一个人学问越好,越是谦虚。)
The more he tried to sleep, the more he could not. (他越想要睡着,越睡不着。)
She sang the worse, the more she practised. (她练习得越多,唱得越不好。)
下面几点该注意:
(1)一般说来,句子里有了关系副词 the,必须也有指示副词 the,下面两句不算正当:
The darkness increased the farther we advanced into the woods.
Men are only too willing to enjoy the amusement afforded by the buffoon, but they will treat him with increased contempt the more he serves them.—Hilaire Belloc
第一句可以改作 It was the darker the farther we advanced into the woods。第二句可以改作 Men are...with the more contempt the more he serves them。
(2)通常关系副词 the 在前,指示副词 the 在后。如第一、第二和第三句,偶尔指示副词 the 在前,关系副词 the 在后,如第四句。
(3)关系副词 the 用在从句的开首,不可用在从句的主语的后面,如不可说 He tried the more to sleep, the more he could not 或 She sang the worse, she practised the more。
(4)the...the...通常用在短句里,往往是省略句,如第一句 The sooner the better。
(5)第二句里用 he is 或 is he 都可以。同样地,下面每组里的两句都可以说:
(6)比较下面四句:
The more time you devote to your studies, the better.
The more the time you devote to your studies, the better.
The more the time that (或which) you devote to your studies, the better.
The more time that (或which) you devote to your studies, the better.
第一句最好。第二句等于 The more the time that (或which) you devote to your studies is, the better。虽然不错,但不很自然。第三句等于第二句,也不很自然。第四句是错误的,该把 that(或 which)去掉,成为第一句。
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