前言
Mastering the four bases:（掌握四大基础：）
Unity（联合，统一）:Discover a clearly stated point,or topic sentence, and make sure that all other information in the paragraph or essay supports that point.
（发现一个明确的点或主题句，并确保段落或论文中的所有其他信息支持这一点。）
Support（支持，支撑）:Support the points with specific evidence,and plenty of it.
（用具体的证据来支持这些观点，并且有足够的证据。）
Coherence（一致性，连贯）:Organize and connect supporting evidence so that paragraphs and essays transit smoothly from one bit of supporting information to the next.
（组织和连接支持性证据，使段落和文章顺利地从一点支持信息传递到下一个支持信息。）
Sentence skills（句子技巧）:Revise and edit so that sentence are error-free for clearer and more effective communication.
（修改和编辑，使句子无差错，以便更清晰和更有效的沟通。）
第一章
1．An important difference,then,between writing and talking is this: in writing, any idea that you advance must be supported with specific reasons or details.
（写作和谈话之间的一个重要区别是：在写作中，你提出的任何观点都必须有具体的理由或细节来支持。）
2．But in writing, your point would have to be backed up with specific reasons and details.
（但是在写作中，你的观点必须有具体的理由和细节来支持。）
3．The central idea, or point, developed in any essay is called a thesis statement (rather than, as in a paragraph, a topic sentence).The thesis appears in the introductory paragraph, and the specific support for the thesis appears in the paragraphs that follow.
（在任何一篇文章中所出现的中心思想或观点被称为中心句（而不是段落中的主题句），论文出现在引言段，对论文的具体支持出现在后面的段落中。）
4．The thesis often includes a plan of development--a“preview”of major point that will support the thesis.
（论文通常包括一个发展计划——一个主要论点的“预览”，将支持这篇论文。）
5．The concluding paragraph often summarize the essay by briefly restating thesis and, at times, the main support point. In addition, the writer often presents a concluding thought about the subject of the paper.
（结尾段经常总结文章简要重申论文，有时，主要支撑点。此外，作者还对论文的主题进行了总结性思考。）
6．写作的步骤：1.Introduction 2.Body 3.Conclusion
7．写作的具体步骤：
1.Discover a clearly stated point, or thesis.（发现一个明确的论点或论题。）
2.Provide logical, detail support for your thesis.（为你的论文提供逻辑、详细的支持。）
3.Organize and connect your supporting material.（组织并连接你的支撑材料。）
4.Revise and edit so that your sentence are effective and error-free.（修改和编辑，使你的句子是有效的和无错误的。）
8.本章的主要内容：
1.the importance of supporting a point in writing（在写作中 支持一个论点的重要性）
2.the structure of the traditional essy（传统文章的结构）
3.the benefits of writing the traditional essay（撰写传统文章的好处）
4.presents writing as both a skill and a process of discovery（将写作作为一种技能和发现过程）
5.suggests keeping a journal（建议写日记）
The Writing Process（写作的过程）
一、Prewriting（构思—whatto writing）
1、Freewriting（随笔—explore the topic探索主题）
Freewrting means jotting down in rough sentences or phrases everything that comes to mind about a possible topic. See if you can write nonstop for ten minutes or more.
随笔就是在草稿纸上草草记下任何你能想到的关于合适的主题的句子和词组。看一下是否你能不休息一直写十分钟或更多地时间。
2、Questioning（询问）
You generate ideas and details by asking questions about your subjects. Such questions includewhy, when, where, who, whatandhow.
你通过问你主题的相关问题来产生想法和细节。这些问题包括：为什么、何时、何地、谁、什么以及如何。
例如：
为什么我不喜欢去看电影：交通问题、停车问题、电影院中的不文明现象；
什么时候去看电影是个问题：当电影很受欢迎的时候，电影院会很拥挤；
去看电影时会经过哪些地方：高速公路、停车场、电影院；
谁会制造问题：我自己可能会吃很多零食、其他人可能会在电影院制造噪音；
如何解决这些问题：我可以在家里用DVD看电影。
3、Making a List（列清单—无顺序地收集材料）
Inmaking a list, also known asbrainstorming,you can collect ideas and details that relate to your subject. Pile these items up, one after another, without trying to sort out major details from minor ones or trying to put the details in any special order.
列清单，也被称为头脑风暴，你可以收集与你的主题相关的想法和细节。把这些东西一个接一个地堆起来，不要试图从次要的东西中找出主要细节，或者试图将细节放在任何特别的顺序中。
4、Clustering（分类归并—有顺序地寻找逻辑关系）
Clustering,also known asdiagrammingormapping,isanother strategy that can be used to generate material for an essay. This method is helpful for people who like to do their thinking in a visual way. In clustering, you use lines, boxes, arrows, and circles to show relationship among the ideas and details that occur to you.
分类归并，也称为图样或测图，是另一种可以被用来产生一篇文章的材料的策略。这种方法对那些喜欢用视觉方式思考的人很有帮助。在分类归并中，使用线、框、箭头和圆圈来表示你的想法和细节之间的关系。
5、Preparing a Scratch Outline（准备一个提纲，在大纲中，能看出观点和写作内容）
二、Writing a First Draft（写初稿）
不管是在整篇文章还是在每一段中，都要有point +support（论点+论据）
三、Revising（修改）
1、Revising Content（修改内容）
Unity（一致性）：在我文章开始的段落里，有一个明确地主题吗？
中间段落的所有内容支持我的论点吗？
Support（支撑性）：有具体的证据支撑三个论点吗？
有丰富的证据支撑论点吗？
Coherence（连贯性）：有有趣的开始，可靠的结尾和准确的标题吗？
用过渡词和其它连接词了吗？
2、Revising Sentences（修改句子）
（1）用平行结构的句子了吗？
（2）视角一致吗？
（3）用有画面感的具体词汇了吗？
（4）用主动语态了吗?
（5）用简明的词汇了吗？
（6）句式多样吗？
四、Editing（编辑）
After you have revised your essay for content and style, you are ready toedit—check and correct—errors in grammar, punctuation, capitalization, sentence structure, word usage, and spelling.
在修改了你文章的内容和句子之后，你就可以在语法、标点符号、大写、句子结构、单词用法和拼写上编检查和改正错误。
第三章Thefirst and second steps in essay writing
本章重点：1.start an essay with a point,or thesis(开始于一个论点或者中心句)
2.support that point,or thesis,with specific evidence（用详细的论据支持这个论点和中心句）
Thesisstatement: a good thesis statement does two things. First, it tells readers an essay’stopic.(第一，它告诉读者文章的主题)
Second ,it presents the writer’sattitude, opinion,idea,or point about that topic.（第二，体现出作者的态度、观点、想法）
Writinga good thesisⅠ—how to limit and focus your thesis
Writinga good thesisⅡ
1.Writingstatements not announcements
The subject of this paper will be my parents.
Announcements
I want to talk about the crime wave(犯罪率)in our country.
Thebaby-boom generation is the concern of this essay.(这篇文章是关于人口兴旺的)
my parents each struggled with personal demons.
Statements
The recent crime wave(犯罪率)in our city several apparent causes.
Thebaby-boom generation has changed American society in key ways.
2.Avoid statements that not too broad
Disease has shaped human history.
Too broad
Insects are fascinating creatures.(昆虫是迷人的生物)
Men and women are very different.
In the mid-1980s,AIDS changed people’s attitudes about dating.(1980年中期，艾滋病改变了人们的生活态度)
Statements
Strength,organization,and communication make the ant one of nature’s most successful insects.
Menand women are often treated very differently in the workplace.(男人和女人被用不同的方式对待)
3.Avoid statements that not too narrow
The speed limit near my home is sixty-five miles per hour.
Too narrow
Ahurricane hit southern Florida last summer.(去年夏天飓风破坏了弗罗里达)
Aperson must be at least thirty-five years old to be elected president of the United States.
The speed limit near my home should be lowered to fifty-five miles per hour for several reasons.
Statements
Federal officials made a number of mistakes in their response to the recent Florida hurricane.(联邦政府在在回答最近的弗罗里飓风的时候出现了几个错误) the requirement that a U.S. president must be at Aperson must be at least thirty-five years old is unfair and unreasonable.
4.Make sure statements develop only one idea
One of the most serious problems affecting young people today is bullying(恃强凌弱的),and it is time more kids learned the value of helping others.
Many ideals
Studying with others has several benefits, but it also has drawbacks(缺点) and can be difficult to schedule.
Teachers have played an important role in my life ,but they were not as important as my parents.
One of the most serious problems affecting young people today is bullying(恃强凌弱的).
Only one ideaStudying with others has several benefits.
Teachers have played an important role in my life.
Specific+Adequate Details
本章的课后习题1.主要让判断哪些句子属于好的中心句，其他的又存在哪些问题。2.补充充足的和详细的论据。(选择题不需要考虑)
第四章，写作的第三步
organize and connect specific evidence in the body paragraphs of an essay.
begin and end an essay with effective introductory and concluding paragraphs.
组织、连接论据
1，常规方法
a,时间顺序
b,逻辑顺序
c,两者都有
第一篇：the first step , the second step , the final and best way,(P80).
第二篇：because, so , finally(P81)
第三篇：for one thing ,for another, the most important (P81)
第四篇：the difference of price (P82)
过渡
过渡词
1，附加词（P83）
2，时间词（P83）
3，空间词（P83）
4，转折词（P83）
5，例证词（P83）
6，连接词（P83）
过渡短语和副词
其他过渡形式
1，重复词，2，代词，3，同义词。
开篇方法
1，开篇段落的意义和作用
a,吸引读者的兴趣
b,提供背景知识
c,提出主题
d,提供一个发展的主线
2，开篇方法
a,从宽的范围缩小到小的范围。
b,从反面论述开始到主题
c,解释主题中的重要概念。
d,以事例或者故事开端
e,引用
结尾
1，以一个结论或者总结为结论结尾。
2，以引人深思的引用或者反问结尾。
3，以某种预测结尾。
CHAPTER 5
The Fourth Step in Essay Writing短文写作第四步
本文讲述两点:1.revise so that your sentences flow smoothly and clearly.
修改句子使句子更更流畅。
2. edit so that your sentences are error free.
修改句子，使句子没有错误。
蓝色方框内容:重点
Up to now,this book has emphasized the first three goals in effective writing:unity, support, and coherence .This chapter focuses on the fourth goal of writing effectively:sentence skills.You`ll learn how to revise an essay so that your sentences flow smoothly and clearly. Then you`ll review how to edit a paper formistakes in grammar, punctuation, and spelling.到目前为止，这本书强调了有效写作的前三个目标：unity, support, and coherence。本章重点介绍写作有效的第四个目标：sentence skills。你会学习如何修改一篇文章，使你的句子流畅清晰。注意写作中标点符号和拼写错误。
修改句子六种方法:revising sentences
1.Use parallelism
2.Usea consistent point of view.(不考)
3.Use specific words.
4.Use active verb.
5.Use concise words.
6.Vary your sentences.
有六部分习题对以上六中修改方式进行具体描述，我觉得要看。
CHAPTER 6 Four Bases for Revising Essays
修改短文的四个原则
• unity论点一致
To achieve unity is to have all the details in your paper related to your thesis and to your three supporting topic sentences. Each time you think of something to put into your paper, ask yourself whether it relates to your thesis and your supporting points. If it does not, leave it out. For example, if you were writing a paper about the problems of being unemployed and then spent a couple of sentences talking about the pleasures of having a lot of free time, you would be missing the fi rst and most essential base of good writing.（论点一致是是指文章中的所有信息都要与文章中的主题和中心句有关。每当想添加信息到文章时都要想一下，是否符合主题，如果不符就不要放。例如,写一篇关于失业问题的作文，然后用几个句子讲大量的快乐的空闲时间,这肯定会跑题。）
• support论据支撑
注重细节的描写，例如“the terror of being separated from my parents,”可以具体写为“tears streamed down my cheeks as I pictured the faces I would never see again” and “I clutched the locket my parents had given me as if it were a lucky charm thatcould help me fi nd my way back to the campsite.”
• coherence连贯性
中心思想和中心句必须有机组合起来,使一篇文章连贯。主要通过第四章的几种组合方法，常规的时间顺序，逻辑顺序或者二者都有;过度和其他形式。
• sentence skills句子写作技巧
PS：个人感觉这一章考选择题的可能性不大，这一章主要是对前面几章的理解和应用，而且课后习题都是大段大段的短文，考选择题不现实。
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