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二、GIT基础-记录文件更新

二、GIT基础-记录文件更新

作者: 温东 | 来源:发表于2017-12-28 14:55 被阅读0次

    2、记录文件更新

    1)检查当前文件状态

    要查看哪些文件处于什么状态,可以用 git status 命令。

    [root@node1 git-test]# git status
    On branch master
    Initial commit
    nothing to commit (create/copy files and use "git add" to track)
    

    我们可以看到这是个刚初始化的目录,没有未提交的文件。后面还提示我们,可以创建或者复制文件,然后使用git add命令对文件进行跟踪。

    2)跟踪新文件

    我们首先在当前目录下创建一个新文件README,然后再查看当前文件的状态

    [root@node1 git-test]# ll
    total 4
    -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 26 Nov 28 08:13 README
    
    [root@node1 git-test]# git status
    On branch master
    
    Initial commit
    
    Untracked files:
      (use "git add <file>..." to include in what will be committed)
    
        README
    
    nothing added to commit but untracked files present (use "git add" to track)
    [root@node1 git-test]#
    

    在状态报告中可以看到新建的 README 文件出现在 Untracked files 下面。 未跟踪的文件意味着 Git 在之前的快照(提交)中没有这些文件;Git 不会自动将之纳入跟踪范围,而且后面的提示我们可以使用git add命令去跟踪新文件
    使用命令 git add 开始跟踪一个文件。
    [root@node1 git-test]# git add README
    再运行 git status 命令,会看到 README 文件已被跟踪,并处于暂存状态:

    On branch master
    
    Initial commit
    
    Changes to be committed:
      (use "git rm --cached <file>..." to unstage)   git add 的逆操作,具体后面讲解
    
        new file:   README
    

    只要在 Changes to be committed 这行下面的,就说明是已暂存状态。 如果此时commit,那么该文件此时此刻的版本将被留存在历史记录中。 git add 命令使用文件或目录的路径作为参数;如果参数是目录的路径,该命令将递归地跟踪该目录下的所有文件。我们也可以使用git add *提交当前目录下的所有文件

    3)提交更新

    现在我们已经把创建的文件提交到了暂存区,接下来我们就需要把暂存区的文件提交到本地版本库进行管理。注意:在每交提交前最好先使用git status查看一下,是不是所有更改的文件都已经暂存,然后再使用git commit命令提交。

    [master (root-commit) 5e874cc] first submit
     1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
     create mode 100644 README
    [root@node1 git-test]# git status
    On branch master
    nothing to commit, working tree clean
    

    请记住,提交时记录的是放在暂存区域的快照。 Git的每一次提交操作,都是对你项目作一次快照,以后可以回到这个状态,或者进行比较。

    4)暂存己修改的文件

    我们首先再新建一个Hello.txt的文件并提交:

    [root@node1 git-test]# echo "Hello world">Hello.txt
    [root@node1 git-test]# git status
    On branch master
    Untracked files:
      (use "git add <file>..." to include in what will be committed)
    
        Hello.txt
    
    nothing added to commit but untracked files present (use "git add" to track)
    [root@node1 git-test]# git add Hello.txt 
    [root@node1 git-test]# git status
    On branch master
    Changes to be committed:
      (use "git reset HEAD <file>..." to unstage)
    
        new file:   Hello.txt
    

    接着我们修改刚才已经提交过的README文件,然后查看状态:

    [root@node1 git-test]# echo "first modify" >>README 
    [root@node1 git-test]# git status
    On branch master
    Changes to be committed:
      (use "git reset HEAD <file>..." to unstage)
    
        new file:   Hello.txt
    
    Changes not staged for commit:
      (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
      (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory) 使用暂存区的文件覆盖工作的文件
    
        modified:   README
    

    文件 README 出现在 Changes not staged for commit 这行下面,说明已跟踪文件的内容发生了变化,但还没有放到暂存区。 要暂存这次更新,需要运行 git add 命令。 这是个多功能命令:可以用它开始跟踪新文件,或者把已跟踪的文件放到暂存区,还能用于合并时把有冲突的文件标记为已解决状态等。 将这个命令理解为“添加内容到下一次提交中”更加合适。 现在让我们运行 git add 将"README"放到暂存区,然后再看看 git status 的输出:

    You have new mail in /var/spool/mail/root
    [root@node1 git-test]# git status
    On branch master
    Changes to be committed:
      (use "git reset HEAD <file>..." to unstage)
    
        new file:   Hello.txt
        modified:   README
    

    现在两个文件都已暂存,下次提交时就会一并记录到仓库。 假设此时,你想要在 README 里再加一条内容, 重新编辑存盘后,再运行 git status 看看:

    [root@node1 git-test]# echo "second modify" >>README 
    [root@node1 git-test]# git status
    On branch master
    Changes to be committed:
      (use "git reset HEAD <file>..." to unstage)
    
        new file:   Hello.txt
        modified:   README
    
    Changes not staged for commit:
      (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
      (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
    
        modified:   README
    

    你看到了什么? 现在 README 文件同时出现在暂存区和非暂存区。 这是为什么? 好吧,实际上 Git 只不过暂存了你运行 git add 命令时的版本, 如果你现在提交,README的版本是你最后一次运行 git add 命令时的那个版本,而不是你运行 git commit 时,在工作目录中的当前版本。 所以,运行了 git add 之后又作了修订的文件,需要重新运行 git add 把最新版本重新暂存起来:

    [root@node1 git-test]# git status
    On branch master
    Changes to be committed:
      (use "git reset HEAD <file>..." to unstage)
    
        new file:   Hello.txt
        modified:   README
    
    [root@node1 git-test]# git commit -m "second submit"
    [master a306d94] second submit
     2 files changed, 3 insertions(+)
     create mode 100644 Hello.txt
    [root@node1 git-test]# git status
    On branch master
    nothing to commit, working tree clean
    

    5)四个区域和文件的四种状态
    四个区域:


    image.png

    文件的四种状态:


    image.png

    6)查看已暂存和未暂存的修改

    我们再次修改 README 文件后暂存,然后编辑 Hello.txt文件后先不暂存, 运行 status 命令将会看到:

    [root@node1 git-test]# echo "first modify" >>Hello.txt 
    [root@node1 git-test]# git add README 
    [root@node1 git-test]# git status
    On branch master
    Changes to be committed:
      (use "git reset HEAD <file>..." to unstage)
    
        modified:   README
    
    Changes not staged for commit:
      (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
      (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
    
        modified:   Hello.txt
    

    要查看尚未暂存的文件更新了哪些部分,不加参数直接输入 git diff:

    [root@node1 git-test]# git diff
    diff --git a/Hello.txt b/Hello.txt
    index 802992c..6b599f0 100644
    --- a/Hello.txt
    +++ b/Hello.txt
    @@ -1 +1,2 @@
     Hello world
    +first modify
    

    此命令比较的是工作目录中当前文件和暂存区域快照之间的差异, 也就是修改之后还没有暂存起来的变化内容。
    要查看已暂存的将要添加到下次提交里的内容,可以用 git diff --cached 命令或git diff --staged,效果是相同的。

    [root@node1 git-test]# git diff --cached
    diff --git a/README b/README
    index 771c673..5f9ac91 100644
    --- a/README
    +++ b/README
    @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
     My first git test project
     first modify
     second modify
    +three modify
    [root@node1 git-test]# git diff --staged
    diff --git a/README b/README
    index 771c673..5f9ac91 100644
    --- a/README
    +++ b/README
    @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
     My first git test project
     first modify
     second modify
    +three modify
    

    现在我们将Hello.txt文件暂存,然后再进行编辑后,查看状态:

    [root@node1 git-test]# git add Hello.txt 
    [root@node1 git-test]# git status
    On branch master
    Changes to be committed:
      (use "git reset HEAD <file>..." to unstage)
    
        modified:   Hello.txt
        modified:   README
    
    [root@node1 git-test]# git diff
    [root@node1 git-test]# echo "second modify" >>Hello.txt 
    [root@node1 git-test]# git status
    On branch master
    Changes to be committed:
      (use "git reset HEAD <file>..." to unstage)
    
        modified:   Hello.txt
        modified:   README
    
    Changes not staged for commit:
      (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
      (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
    
        modified:   Hello.txt
    
    [root@node1 git-test]# git diff
    diff --git a/Hello.txt b/Hello.txt
    index 6b599f0..bfd0f21 100644
    --- a/Hello.txt
    +++ b/Hello.txt
    @@ -1,2 +1,3 @@
     Hello world
     first modify
    +second modify
    [root@node1 git-test]# git diff --staged
    diff --git a/Hello.txt b/Hello.txt
    index 802992c..6b599f0 100644
    --- a/Hello.txt
    +++ b/Hello.txt
    @@ -1 +1,2 @@
     Hello world
    +first modify
    diff --git a/README b/README
    index 771c673..5f9ac91 100644
    --- a/README
    +++ b/README
    @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
     My first git test project
     first modify
     second modify
    +three modify
    

    请注意,git diff 本身只显示尚未暂存的改动,而不是自上次提交以来所做的所有改动。 所以有时候你一下子暂存了所有更新过的文件后,运行 git diff 后却什么也没有,就是这个原因

    7)跳过使用暂存区

    git commit 加上 -a 选项,Git 就会自动把所有已经跟踪过的文件暂存起来一并提交,从而跳过 git add 步骤:

    [root@node1 git-test]# git status
    On branch master
    Changes not staged for commit:
      (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
      (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
    
        modified:   Hello.txt
    
    no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")
    [root@node1 git-test]# git commit -a -m "jump git add submit"
    [master 4794019] jump git add submit
     1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)
    [root@node1 git-test]# git status
    On branch master
    nothing to commit, working tree clean
    

    8、移除文件

    我们先创建一个用于删除测试的文件a.txt,并提交

    [root@node1 git-test]# git add a.txt 
    [root@node1 git-test]# git commit -m "rm test"
    [master a80c6a9] rm test
     1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
     create mode 100644 a.txt
    

    现在我们在工作目录删除a.txt文件,然后查看状态,在 “Changes not staged for commit” 部分(也就是 未暂存清单)看到

    [root@node1 git-test]# git status
    On branch master
    Changes not staged for commit:
      (use "git add/rm <file>..." to update what will be committed)
      (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
    
        deleted:    a.txt
    
    no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")
    

    然后再运行 git rm 从暂存区删除文件:

    rm 'a.txt'
    [root@node1 git-test]# git status
    On branch master
    Changes to be committed:
      (use "git reset HEAD <file>..." to unstage)
    
        deleted:    a.txt
    
    [root@node1 git-test]# git commit -m "rm test finish"
    [master 3a2db18] rm test finish
     1 file changed, 1 deletion(-)
     delete mode 100644 a.txt
    [root@node1 git-test]# git status
    On branch master
    nothing to commit, working tree clean
    

    另外一种情况是,我们想把文件从 Git 仓库中删除(亦即从暂存区域移除),但仍然希望保留在当前工作目录中。 换句话说,你想让文件保留在磁盘,但是并不想让 Git 继续跟踪。使用 --cached 选项

    [root@node1 git-test]# git commit -m "delete a.txt from response"
    

    9、移动文件

    使用git mv命令对文件进行改名操作:
    使用mv命令改名:

    [root@node1 git-test]# git status
    On branch master
    Changes not staged for commit:
      (use "git add/rm <file>..." to update what will be committed)
      (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
    
        deleted:    Hello.txt
    
    Untracked files:
      (use "git add <file>..." to include in what will be committed)
    
        Helloword.txt
    
    no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")
    [root@node1 git-test]# git add Helloword.txt 
    [root@node1 git-test]# git status
    On branch master
    Changes to be committed:
      (use "git reset HEAD <file>..." to unstage)
    
        new file:   Helloword.txt
    
    Changes not staged for commit:
      (use "git add/rm <file>..." to update what will be committed)
      (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
    
        deleted:    Hello.txt
    
    [root@node1 git-test]# git commit -m "mv test"
    [master 9ccca93] mv test
     1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)
     create mode 100644 Helloword.txt
    [root@node1 git-test]# git status
    On branch master
    Changes not staged for commit:
      (use "git add/rm <file>..." to update what will be committed)
      (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
    
        deleted:    Hello.txt
    
    no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")
    [root@node1 git-test]# git rm Hello.txt
    rm 'Hello.txt'
    [root@node1 git-test]# git status
    On branch master
    Changes to be committed:
      (use "git reset HEAD <file>..." to unstage)
    
        deleted:    Hello.txt
    
    [root@node1 git-test]# git commit -m "delete Hello.txt"
    [master 2b1583e] delete Hello.txt
     1 file changed, 4 deletions(-)
     delete mode 100644 Hello.txt
    You have new mail in /var/spool/mail/root
    [root@node1 git-test]# git status
    On branch master
    nothing to commit, working tree clean
    [root@node1 git-test]# ll
    total 8
    -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 52 Nov 28 11:17 Helloword.txt
    -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 66 Nov 28 10:42 README
    

    使用git mv 命令改名

    [root@node1 git-test]# git status
    On branch master
    Changes to be committed:
      (use "git reset HEAD <file>..." to unstage)
    
        renamed:    Helloword.txt -> Hello.txt
    
    [root@node1 git-test]# git commit -m "git mv test"
    [master 6597abf] git mv test
     1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
     rename Helloword.txt => Hello.txt (100%)
    [root@node1 git-test]# git status
    On branch master
    nothing to commit, working tree clean
    

    不管何种方式结果都一样。 两者唯一的区别是,mv 是一条命令而另一种方式需要三条命令,直接用 git mv 轻便得多

    10、忽略文件

    一般我们总会有些文件无需纳入 Git 的管理,也不希望它们总出现在未跟踪文件列表。 通常都是些自动生成的文件,比如日志文件,或者编译过程中创建的临时文件等。 在这种情况下,我们可以创建一个名为 .gitignore 的文件,列出要忽略的文件模式。
    我们再看一个 .gitignore 文件的例子:

    *.a
    
    # but do track lib.a, even though you're ignoring .a files above
    !lib.a
    
    # only ignore the TODO file in the current directory, not subdir/TODO
    /TODO
    
    # ignore all files in the build/ directory
    build/
    
    # ignore doc/notes.txt, but not doc/server/arch.txt
    doc/*.txt
    
    # ignore all .pdf files in the doc/ directory
    doc/**/*.pdf
    

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