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JDK8_函数式接口Function详解

JDK8_函数式接口Function详解

作者: 小安的大情调 | 来源:发表于2019-12-19 19:11 被阅读0次

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[TOC]

函数式接口的定义

  • 函数式接口就是有且只有一个抽象方法的接口,都可以称之为函数式接口。
    • Runnable(),Comparator()都是函数式接口
  • 加了@functionalInterface注解。
  • 如果没有添加该注解,但是满足有且只有一个抽象方法的接口,都会被jdk8认为是函数式接口。
  • 在JDK8 之前,java方法之间的调用都只能传递参数,JDK8之后使用lambda函数式编程, 实现了方法之间传递行为。

Function接口

import java.util.Objects;

java中所有的方法都是只能返回一个结果!!!

/**
 * Represents a function that accepts one argument and produces a result.
 * 接受一个参数并且产生一个参数并且返回
 * <p>This is a <a href="package-summary.html">functional interface</a>
 * whose functional method is {@link #apply(Object)}.
 *
 * @param <T> the type of the input to the functionf
 * @param <R> the type of the result of the function
 *
 * @since 1.8
 */
@FunctionalInterface
public interface Function<T, R> {

    /**
     * Applies this function to the given argument.
     *
     * @param t the function argument
     * @return the function result
     */
    R apply(T t);
    只接受一个参数,然后返回一个参数
    /**
     * Returns a composed function that first applies the {@code before}
     * function to its input, and then applies this function to the result.
     尝试理解一下这句话,返回第一个适用的函数作为稍后调用的方法的输入,然后调用这个方法返回最终结果。
    
     
     * If evaluation of either function throws an exception, it is relayed to
     * the caller of the composed function.
     *
     * @param <V> the type of input to the {@code before} function, and to the
     *           composed function
     * @param before the function to apply before this function is applied
     * @return a composed function that first applies the {@code before}
     * function and then applies this function
     * @throws NullPointerException if before is null
     *
     * @see #andThen(Function)
     */
    default <V> Function<V, R> compose(Function<? super V, ? extends T> before) {
        Objects.requireNonNull(before);
        return (V v) -> apply(before.apply(v));
    }

    /**
     * Returns a composed function that first applies this function to
     * its input, and then applies the {@code after} function to the result.
     * If evaluation of either function throws an exception, it is relayed to
     * the caller of the composed function.
     *
     * @param <V> the type of output of the {@code after} function, and of the
     *           composed function
     * @param after the function to apply after this function is applied
     * @return a composed function that first applies this function and then
     * applies the {@code after} function
     * @throws NullPointerException if after is null
     *
     * @see #compose(Function)
     */
    default <V> Function<T, V> andThen(Function<? super R, ? extends V> after) {
        Objects.requireNonNull(after);
        return (T t) -> after.apply(apply(t));
    }

    /**
     * Returns a function that always returns its input argument.
     *
     * @param <T> the type of the input and output objects to the function
     * @return a function that always returns its input argument
     */
    static <T> Function<T, T> identity() {
        return t -> t;
    }
}

在上述源码中,较为难理解的就是compose andThen 两个方法了。

其实这两个方法都是为了使用方便而设计的,这是JDK8给我们提供的函数的复合,这意味着你可以把多个简单的Lambda复合成复杂的表达式。

​ 上述两个方法可以看作JDK为了将Lambda表达式复合起来,特意在Function接口中添加的两个默认方法。他们都会返回一个Function实例。

举例说明

​ 假设一个函数f给数字做加1操作(x -> x + 1),另一个函数g给数字做乘法操作。使用上述两个方法就可以将这两个函数操作复合起来,是代码更加简洁。

compose

Function<Integer,Integer> f = x -> x + 1;
Function<Integer,Integer> g = x -> x * 2;
Function<Integer,Integer> h = f.compose(g);
int result = h.apply(1);

这里得到的答案是3

这是可以看作一个数学的方程解答,使用compose可以看作为数学中的f(g(x))

从源码的JavaDoc中也可以看出,首先调用该方法返回结果之前,将该结果作为参数,计算出最终结果

andThen

Function<Integer,Integer> f = x -> x + 1;
Function<Integer,Integer> g = x -> x * 2;
Function<Integer,Integer> h = f.andThen(g);
int result = h.apply(1);

这里得到的答案是4

相当于数学中的g(f(x))

compose刚好相反。

andThen有然后的意思,即可以理解,先调用函数,得到一个适当的参数,然后用该方法本身,最后返回结果。compose反之。

compose与andThen对比

compose与andThen对比.png

简单理解就是一个调用的先后顺序问题。

研究BiFunction函数是接口

/**
 * Represents a function that accepts two arguments and produces a result.
 * This is the two-arity specialization of {@link Function}.
 *
 * <p>This is a <a href="package-summary.html">functional interface</a>
 * whose functional method is {@link #apply(Object, Object)}.
 *
 * @param <T> the type of the first argument to the function
 * @param <U> the type of the second argument to the function
 * @param <R> the type of the result of the function
 *
 * @see Function
 * @since 1.8
 */
@FunctionalInterface
public interface BiFunction<T, U, R> {

    /**
     * Applies this function to the given arguments.
     *
     * @param t the first function argument
     * @param u the second function argument
     * @return the function result
     */
    R apply(T t, U u);

    /**
     * Returns a composed function that first applies this function to
     * its input, and then applies the {@code after} function to the result.
     * If evaluation of either function throws an exception, it is relayed to
     * the caller of the composed function.
     *
     * @param <V> the type of output of the {@code after} function, and of the
     *           composed function
     * @param after the function to apply after this function is applied
     * @return a composed function that first applies this function and then
     * applies the {@code after} function
     * @throws NullPointerException if after is null
     */
    default <V> BiFunction<T, U, V> andThen(Function<? super R, ? extends V> after) {
        Objects.requireNonNull(after);
        return (T t, U u) -> after.apply(apply(t, u));
    }
}

可以看出该函数式接口的签名为(T,V)->R:接受两个类型参数,返回一个类型参数,相较于Function()接口多了一个输入参数。但是少了一个Compose方法;为什么呢?

为什么BiFunction没有Compose方法

假设如果有的话

    default <V> BiFunction<T,U, V> compose(Function<? super V, ? extends T> before) {
        Objects.requireNonNull(before);
        return (T t,U u) -> befor.apply(apply(t,u));
    }

// Function 中的compose
    default <V> Function<V, R> compose(Function<? super V, ? extends T> before) {
        Objects.requireNonNull(before);
        return (V v) -> apply(before.apply(v));
    }

尝试理解BiFunction中的andThen方法

接受的参数是Function,因为java在返回结果中只能返回一个结果,使用andThen在计算完BiFunction中两个元素的运算之后只能返回一个结果并且赋值,如果按照这种逻辑,有compose方法的话,首先计算的是Function函数,并且只能返回一个结果,但是BiFunction中有两个参数需要赋值,所以不能满足该要求,所以不可能存在compose方法

        Function<Integer, Integer> f = x -> x + 1;
        Function<Integer, Integer> g = x -> x * 2;
        Function<Integer, Integer> h = f.andThen(g);
        int result = h.apply(1);
        System.out.println(result);

        BiFunction<Integer, Integer, Integer> ff = (x1, x2) -> x1 + x2 + 1;
        BiFunction<Integer, Integer, Integer> hh = ff.andThen(g);
        Integer apply = hh.apply(1, 2);
        System.out.println(apply);

这里比较难以理解,画个重点。


参考书籍

​ 《java8实战》

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