The Commercial Revolution in Medieval Europe
Beginning in the 1160s, the opening of new silver mines in northern Europe led to the minting and circulation of vast quantities of silver coins. The widespread use of cash greatly increased the volume of international trade. Business procedures changed radically. ///背景The individual traveling merchant who alone handled virtually all aspects of exchange evolved into an operation involving three separate types of merchants: the sedentary merchant who ran the "home office" financing and organizing the firm's entire export-import trade; the carriers who transported goods by land and sea; and the company agents resident in cities abroad who, on the advice of the home office, looked after sales and procurements.///通过阐述商业从单打独斗变成合作，表明变化。
1.问现金增加的影响
2.radically
Commercial correspondence, unnecessary when one businessperson oversaw everything and made direct bargains with buyers and sellers, multiplied. ///Regular courier service among commercial cities began. ///Commercial accounting became more complex when firms had to deal with shareholders, manufacturers, customers, branch offices, employees, and competing firms. ///Tolls on roads became high enough to finance what has been called a road revolution, involving new surfaces and bridges, new passes through the Alps, and new inns and hospices for travelers. ///The growth of mutual trust among merchants facilitated the growth of sales on credit and led to new developments in finance, such as the bill of exchange, a device that made the long, slow, and very dangerous shipment of coins unnecessary.///从很多个角度详细展示商业的变化过程。
3.oversaw的含义
4.不属于the effect of change：多个角度展开，容易出这种多选题目
5.句子转述题，主要考的是逻辑：句子中有逻辑，容易出这种题目
The ventures(冒险 )of the German Hanseatic League illustrate these advancements. The Hanseatic League was a mercantile association of European towns dating from 1159. The league grew by the end of the fourteenth century to include about 200 cities from Holland to Poland. Across regular, well- defined trade routes along the Baltic and North seas, the ships of league cities carried furs, wax, copper, fish, grain, timber, and wine. These goods were exchanged for finished products, mainly cloth and salt, from western cities. ///协会棋院At cities such as Bruges and London, Hanseatic merchants secured（担保） special trading concessions（特许权）, exempting them from all tolls（过路费） and allowing them to trade at local fairs. ///协会特权Hanseatic merchants established foreign trading centers, the most famous of which was the London Steelyard, a walled community with warehouses, offices, a church, and residential quarters for company representatives./// 协会成就By the late thirteenth century, Hanseatic merchants had developed an important business technique, the business register. Merchants publicly recorded their debts and contracts and received a league guarantee for them.This device proved a decisive factor in the later development of credit and commerce in northern Europe.///协会重大发明
6.商业协会的优势：例子的特殊之处
7.decisive
These developments added up to （合计，算入)what one modern scholar has called "a commercial revolution."/// In the long run, the commercial revolution of the High Middle Ages (a d 1000-1300) brought about radical change in European society. ////对社会的影响One remarkable aspect of this change was that the commercial classes constituted a small part of the total population—never more than 10 percent. They exercised an influence far in excess of their numbers. The commercial revolution created a great deal of new wealth, which meant a higher standard of living. The existence of wealth did not escape the attention of kings and other rulers. Wealth could be taxed, and through taxation, kings could create strong and centralized states. In the years to come, alliances with the middle classes（中产阶级联盟） were to enable kings to weaken aristocratic interests（贵族利益） and build the states that came to be called modern.///商人的连锁影响，最终创造财富
8.为什么强调了人少？
9.问modern state的起源：原文是build the states that came to be called modern
10.alliances 是什么意思
The commercial revolution also provided the opportunity for thousands of agricultural workers to improve their social position. ///商业革命对农业的影响The slow but steady transformation of European society from almost completely rural and isolated to relatively more urban constituted the greatest effect of the commercial revolution that began in the eleventh century. ///城市化Even so, merchants and business people did not run medieval communities（中世纪社会）, except in central and northern Italy and in the county of Flanders. Most towns remained small. The nobility and churchmen determined the predominant social attitudes, values, and patterns of thought and behavior. ///教会仍然控制人们The commercial changes of the eleventh through fourteenth centuries did however, lay the economic foundation for the development of urban life and culture.///总结影响
11.commercial revolution 最大的影响
12.第五段，观点证明题目。
13.句子插入题
14.主旨题目
The passage explains the change of business proceures in the northern Europe ,from work idividually to colllaborate,lasted for four century beginning in eleventh century. During this period, business changed significantly in many ways,such as new finance instrument,new transportation system and new services.It needs to be highlighted that The ventures(冒险 )of the German Hanseatic League is expecially remarkable in this period of history.These deveploments add up to "a commercial revolution "which brought about radical change in European society. It was initiated by a small group of people but created a great deal of new wealth,leading to the establishment of modern state.What more,the revolution also provided the opportunity for thousands of agricultural workers to improve their social position. However, the merchants can't run the medieval communities because nobility and churchmen still determinate the predominant social attitudes, values and patterns of thought and behavior.
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