设计模式之工厂模式

基础

工厂模式，让创建实例的过程封装到工厂类中，避免耦合

工厂类中创建对象的方法一般都是 create 开头，但有的也命名为 getInstance()、createInstance()、newInstance()，有的甚至命名为 valueOf()（比如 Java String 类的 valueOf() 函数）等等

1.1 简单工厂

简单工厂模式（Simple Factory Pattern）又叫作静态工厂方法模式（Static Factory Method Pattern）

简单工厂模式的最大优点在于工厂类中包含必要的逻辑判断，根据客户端的选择条件动态实例化相关的类，对于客户端来说，去除了与具体产品的依赖
增加操作：
不但对扩展开放了，对修改也开放了违背的是开放-封闭原则

1.2 工厂方法

工厂方法模式(Factory Method)，定义一个用于创建对象的接口，让子类决定实例化哪一个类。工厂方法使一个类的实例化延迟到其子类

2. 示例：四则运算

public static double calculate(String operator, double num1, double num2) {
    double result = 0;
    switch (operator) {
        case "+":
            result = num1 + num2;
            break;
        case "-":
            result = num1 - num2;
            break;
        case "*":
            result = num1 * num2;
            break;
        case "/":
            if (num2 == 0) {
                throw new ArithmeticException("num2 is zero");
            }
            result = num1 / num2;
            break;
    }
    return result;
}

2.1 优化一：简单工厂模式

image.png

简单运算工厂类 OperationFactory 负责实例化具体的运算对象

public class OperationFactory {
    public static Operation createOperation(String operator) {
        Operation operation = null;
        switch (operator) {
            case "+":
                operation = new Addition();
                break;
            case "-":
                operation = new Subtract();
                break;
            case "*":
                operation = new Multiply();
                break;
            case "/":
                operation = new Division();
                break;
        }
        return operation;
    }
}

抽象运算类和它的子类

public abstract class Operation {
    public abstract double calculate(double num1, double num2);
}

public class Addition extends Operation {
    @Override
    public double calculate(double num1, double num2) {
        return num1 + num2;
    }
}
public class Subtract extends Operation {
    @Override
    public double calculate(double num1, double num2) {
        return num1 - num2;
    }
}
public class Multiply extends Operation {
    @Override
    public double calculate(double num1, double num2) {
        return num1 * num2;
    }
}
public class Division extends Operation {
    @Override
    public double calculate(double num1, double num2) {
        if (num2 == 0) {
            throw new ArithmeticException("num2 is zero");
        }
        return num1 / num2;
    }
}

测试

@Test
public void test() {
    Operation operation = OperationFactory.createOperation("+");
    double result = operation.calculate(10, 1);
    System.out.println(result);
}

2.2 优化二：工厂方法模式

image.png

工厂接口

public interface IFactory {
    Operation createOperation(String operator);
}

基础运算工厂和高级运算工厂

public class BasicFactory implements IFactory {
    @Override
    public Operation createOperation(String operator) {
        Operation operation = null;
        switch (operator) {
            case "+":
                operation = new Addition();
                break;
            case "-":
                operation = new Subtract();
                break;
            case "*":
                operation = new Multiply();
                break;
            case "/":
                operation = new Division();
                break;
        }
        return operation;
    }
}

public class AdvancedFactory implements IFactory {
    @Override
    public Operation createOperation(String operator) {
        Operation operation = null;
        switch (operator) {
            case "pow":
                operation = new Pow();
                break;
            case "log":
                operation = new Log();
                break;
        }
        return operation;
    }
}

public class Pow extends Operation {
    @Override
    public double calculate(double num1, double num2) {
        return Math.pow(num1, num2);
    }
}
public class Log extends Operation {
    /**
     * 取对数：以 num1 为底的 num2 的对数
     */
    @Override
    public double calculate(double num1, double num2) {
        return Math.log(num2) / Math.log(num1);
    }
}

运算工厂类

public class OperationFactory {

    public static Operation createOperation(String operator) {
        Operation operation = null;

        IFactory factory = null;
        switch (operator) {
            case "+":
            case "-":
            case "*":
            case "/":
                factory = new BasicFactory();
                break;
            case "pow":
            case "log":
                factory = new AdvancedFactory();
                break;
        }
        // 多态
        operation = factory.createOperation(operator);
        return operation;
    }
}

新的 OperationFactory 类已经不存在运算子类实例化的代码。也就是说，在这个代码里，全部是接口与具体工厂类，并不存在具体的实现，与原来的OperationFactory 类对比，实例化的过程延迟到了工厂子类中

测试

@Test
public void test() {
    Operation operation = OperationFactory.createOperation("pow");
    double result = operation.calculate(2, 4);
    System.out.println(result);
}