Essay正式写作到终稿全过程指南！

作者: 奇怪的阿百川 | 来源:发表于2020-07-27 17:08 被阅读0次

唔，首先，

超超超超...长文预警！

因为我们一口气放出了《乔丹·彼得森的Essay写作指南》的「剩余篇章」。

也是该指南「最精华的一部分」！☟

「正式写作到最终提交全过程指南！」

也是因为每一步的过程写的很详细（甚至有点啰嗦）。所以文章才这样长~但好处是，可以很简单的照做~

相信按照这个流程写论文，不说一定能得个7080分，但就是看在这样严谨的份上，老师给分都不会太低~

还是和之前一样，我们把「英语原文直接附在译文下方。」

唔~翻译很渣，还请多多包涵。

正文：

乔丹·彼得森的Essay写作指南

第一部分介绍

第二部分：论文的层级

第三部分：主题和阅读清单

第四部分：大纲

进行到这一步，你已经准备了主题列表和阅读清单。现在是时候「决定写作主题」了。

At this point you have prepared a list of topics, and a reading list. Now it’s time to choose a topic.

❝

「在此输入主题」

1。

❞

这里另有规则。

Here’s another rule.

当你写初稿时，它应比最终版本更长。

这是为了让你有足够的文字可以删减。在初稿后删掉一些内容，以便只保留好内容。

When you write your first draft, it should be longer than the final version. This is so that you have some extra writing to throw away.

「当你刚开始写初稿时，字斟酌句并不会提高效率，只会让你过于在意写作的内容从而拖慢你的速度。。」

You want to have something to throw away after the first draft so that you only have to keep what is good. It is NOT faster to try to write exactly as many words as you need when you first sit down to write. Trying to do so merely makes you too aware of what you are writing. This concern will slow you down.

「目标是写出比终稿要长25％的第一稿。」如果终稿字数要求是1000字（或四页）。请在下面写下，Word文档可自动增加25％。

Aim at producing a first draft that is 25% longer than the final draft is supposed to be. If your final work is to be 1000 words, then write that (or four pages) below. The word document will automatically add 25% to the length you specify.

❝

现在指定论文的长度。

「字数：」

「页面：」

「将以上字数增加25％」

❞

接下来就是大纲。这是写文章中最困难的部分，并且不能跳过。

Now you have to write an outline. This is the most difficult part of writing an essay, and it’s not optional.

论文的轮廓就像身体的骨架。是论文基本形式和结构。此外，大纲是论点的基础（句子和单词都是为论点服务的）。

The outline of an essay is like the skeleton of a body. It provides its fundamental form and structure. Furthermore, the outline is basically the argument (with the sentences themselves and the words serving that argument).

1000字的论文需要10句大纲。但是，即使论文字数超过1000字或者更多，论文的基本大纲也不应超过15个句子。

A thousand-word essay requires a ten-sentence outline. However, the fundamental outline of an essay should not get much longer than fifteen sentences, even if the essay is several thousand words or more in length.

这是因为很难一次记住一个超过太长大纲，以便你可以评估其大纲的质量。因此，为你的论文写一个10到15个句子的大纲，「如果长度超过1000words，则为每个主要大纲写几个副标题。」

This is because it is difficult to keep an argument of more than that length in mind at one time so that you can assess the quality of its structure. So, write a ten to fifteen sentence outline of your essay, and if it is longer than a thousand words, then make sub-outlines for each primary outline sentence. Here is an example of a good simple outline:

❝

这是一个简单概述的示例：

example of a good simple outline:

主题：亚伯拉罕·林肯是谁？Topic: Who was Abraham Lincoln?

为什么亚伯拉罕·林肯值得纪念？Why is Abraham Lincoln worthy of remembrance?

他小时候的关键事件是什么？What were the crucial events of his childhood?

他的青春期？Of his adolescence?

他年轻的成年时期？Of his young adulthood?

他是如何进入政治的？How did he enter politics?

他的主要挑战是什么？What were his major challenges?

他那个时代主要的政治和经济问题是什么？ What were the primary political and economic issues of his time?

谁是他的敌人？Who were his enemies?

他是如何对待他们的？ How did he deal with them?

他的主要成就是什么？What were his major accomplishments?

他怎么死的？How did he die?

❞

这是一个较长的大纲的示例（一篇三千字的论文）：

❝

「主题：什么是资本主义？」Topic: What is capitalism?

资本主义是如何定义的？How has capitalism been defined?

—作者1

—作者2

—作者3

资本主义何时何地发展？Where and when did capitalism develop?

—国家1

—国家2

资本主义起源后的头50年如何发展？ How did capitalism develop in the first 50 years after its origin?

-资本主义在起源后的第二个五十年如何发展？ How did capitalism develop in the second 50 years after its origin?

—（根据需要重复）

历史的前身？Historical precursors?

—（根据需要选择多个世纪）

资本主义的优势？Advantages of capitalism?

财富产生Wealth generation

技术进步 Technological advancement

个人自由Personal freedom

资本主义的劣势？Disadvantages of capitalism?

分配不均 Unequal distribution

污染及其他外部成本 Pollution and other externalized costs

资本主义的替代品？Alternatives to capitalism?

法西斯主义Fascism

共产主义Communism

这些替代方案的后果？ Consequences of these alternatives?

潜在的未来发展？ Potential future developments?

结论 Conclusion

❞

避免写老套，重复和陈词滥调的介绍和结论。

Beware of the tendency to write trite, repetitive and clichéd introductions and conclusions.

像这种老套的介绍（这篇文章的目的是什么？它将如何进行？）和结论（这篇文章将如何进行？它的目的是什么？）也没什么大问题，但是「通常情况下建议不要使用。」

It is often useful to write a stock intro (what is the purpose of this essay? How is it going to proceed?) and a stock conclusion (How did this essay proceed? What was its purpose?) but they should usually then be thrown away.

在这里写下你的大纲。「尝试让每一个大纲标题都能扩展出100字的论文内容。」你可以添加细节，如上面有关资本主义的示例所示。

Write your outline here. Try for one outline heading per 100 words of essay length. You can add subdivisions, as in the example regarding capitalism, above.

在这里写大纲：

❝

大纲句子1：

大纲句子2：

大纲句子3：

大纲句子4：

大纲句子5：

大纲句子6：

大纲句子7：

大纲句子8：

大纲句子9：

大纲句子10（必要时重复）：

❞

第五部分：段落

所以，现在有了大纲。复制到这里：

❝

「此处复制的大纲」

❞

现在，在「每个大纲上写下10至15个句子完成一段话。」

Now, write ten to fifteen sentences per outline heading to complete your paragraph.

为你大纲增加更多的细节内容，在大纲和句子之间来回切换，你会发现同时编辑它们时非常有效率。

You may find it helpful to add additional subdivisions to your outline, and to work back and forth between the outline and the sentences, editing both. Use your notes,

同时，也请使用你的笔记。这个步骤可以用单倍行距，让页面显示更多内容，「排版格式可以最后再做」。

as well. Use single spacing at this point, so that you can see more writing on the paper at once. You will format your essay properly later.

「这个步骤不苛求写得有多优秀，也不必在意句子的结构和语法的精确，你最好把修改的工作放在后面的步骤中。」

Don’t worry too much about how well you are writing at this point. It is also best at this point not to worry too much about the niceties of sentence structure and grammar.

论文写作过程应是分为两个部分。首要的第一步是初稿，它可能相对较快且较乱。对于初稿，你可以广泛运用笔记，并对论文进行粗略整理。

That is all best left for the second major step, which is editing. You should think of the essay writing process as twofold. The first major step is the first draft, which can be relatively quick and dirty. For the first draft you can use your notes, extensively, and rough out the essay.

「如果写作卡壳了，只需跳至下一个大纲句子即可。你可以随时找补。」

If you get stuck writing anywhere, just move to the next outline sentence. You can always go back.

第二个主要步骤是编辑。创作（第一步是主要步骤）和编辑（第二步）是不同的功能，应该以不同心态对待。否者会彼此干扰。

The second major step is editing. Production (the first major step) and editing (the second) are different functions, and should be treated that way. This is because each interferes with the other.

创作的目的是写出内容。编辑的功能是压缩和排列。「如果你尝试同时执行这两个操作，则编辑会阻碍创作。」合并它们不是更快，也不是更好，并且注定会令人沮丧。

The purpose of production is to produce. The function of editing is to reduce and arrange. If you try to do both at the same time then the editing stymies the production. It’s not faster to combine them, nor is it better, and it is bound to be frustrating.

这是一个与大纲问题相关联的写作示例：（注意：需要引用的地方表示为（REFERENCE，19XX）。如何正确的引用这些参考文献将在后面讨论。

Here is an example of writing associated with an outline question: (note: places where references are necessary are indicate as (REFERENCE, 19XX). How to format these references will be discussed later.

❝

*「概述句：资本主义是如何定义的？*」

像资本主义这样复杂的事物不能轻易定义。不同的作者各自提出了自己的观点。自由主义者或保守派思想家强调私有财产的重要性以及伴随着这些财产的所有权是资本主义的关键（参考文献，19XX年）。

此类私有财产（包括贵重物品及其生产方式）可以与其他财产所有者在由公共需求而不是任何中央机构确定价格的市场上自由交易。自由主义者和保守派思想家强调生产效率以及质量，并认为利润是效率的动力。他们认为，较低的成本是生产的理想特征，而公平竞争有助于确保价格降低。

Something as complex as capitalism cannot be easily defined. Different authors have each offered their opinion. Liberal or conservative thinkers stress the importance of private property and the ownership rights that accompany such property as key to capitalism (REFERENCE, 19XX). Such private property (including valuable goods and the means by which they are produced) can be traded, freely, with other property owners, in a market where the price is set by public demand, rather than by any central agency. Liberal and conservative thinkers stress efficiency of production, as well as quality, and consider profit the motive for efficiency. They believe that lower cost is a desirable feature of production, and that fair competition helps ensure desirably lower prices.

相比之下，国际社会中由最左派政党组成的“世界社会主义运动”组织（REFERENCE，19XX）将生产财富的拥有权被一小批被称为资产阶级的少数人掌控，资产阶级为了利润剥削真正的生产者——劳动阶级，而劳动阶级为了工资不得不出卖自己的劳动力。社会主义者认为，只有利润才是资本主义的动力，而利润动机本质上是腐败的。现代环境保护主义者倾向于将自然界本身加入资本主义剥削目标清单中（参考文献，19XX）。右派思想家倾向于将资本主义制度中出现的问题视为真实存在的问题，但与其他真实的或假想的经济和政治制度所产生的问题相比，它们微不足道。

The World Socialist Movement (REFERENCE, 19XX), an international consortium of far left political parties, defines capitalism, by contrast, as ownership of the means of production by a small minority of people, the capitalist class, who profitably exploit the working class, the genuine producers, who must sell their ability to work for a salary or wage.Such socialists believe that it is profit that solely motivates capitalism, and that the profit motive is essentially corrupt. Modern environmentalists tend to add the natural world itself to the list of capitalist targets of exploitation (REFERENCE, 19XX). Thinkers on the right tend to regard problems emerging from the capitalist system as real, but trivial in comparison to those produced by other economic and political systems, real and hypothetical. Thinkers on the far left regard capitalism as the central cause of problems as serious as poverty, inequality and environmental degradation, and believe that there are other political and economic systems whose implementation would constitute an improvement.

❞

这里用了两个段落来扩充第一个大纲句子。请注意，这篇论文一开始并没有直奔主题。

It took two paragraphs to begin to address the first outline sentence. Notice that the essay begins without referring to itself.

最好告诉读者这篇文章将要讲述的内容以及会怎么阐述论点，而不是在文章开始时就漫无边际的自说自话，「建议最好还是立即抓住读者的注意力，不要拐弯抹角。」

It is better to tell the reader what the essay will be about and how the topic will be addressed than to meander around stupidly at the beginning of an essay, but it is still better to grab the reader’s attention immediately without beating around the bush.

每个大纲句完成10到15个句子后，就完成了第一稿。现在是时候进行修改了。

Once you have completed ten to fifteen sentences for each outline heading, you have finished your first draft. Now it is time to move to editing.

...

第六部分：编辑和排版

在此处复制第一稿的第一段：

❝

第1段：

❞

现在，将每个句子分别列一行，看起来像这样（此示例摘自上文关于资本主义的第一段）：

❝

像资本主义这样复杂的事物不能轻易定义。

Something as complex as capitalism cannot be easily defined.

不同的作者各自提出了自己的观点。

Different authors have each offered their opinion.

自由主义者或保守派思想家强调私有财产的重要性以及伴随着这些财产的所有权是资本主义的关键（参考文献，19XX年）。

Liberal or conservative thinkers stress the importance of private property and the ownership rights that accompany such property as key to capitalism (REFERENCE, 19XX).

此类私有财产（包括贵重物品及其生产方式）可以与其他财产所有者在由公共需求而不是任何中央机构确定价格的市场上自由交易。

Such private property (including valuable goods and the means by which they are produced) can be traded, freely, with other property owners, in a market where the price is set by public demand, rather than by any central agency.

自由主义者和保守派思想家强调生产效率以及质量，并认为利润是效率的动力。

Liberal and conservative thinkers stress efficiency of production, as well as quality, and consider profit the motive for efficiency.

他们认为，较低的成本是生产的理想特征，而公平竞争有助于确保价格降低。

They believe that lower cost is a desirable feature of production, and that fair competition helps ensure desirably lower prices.

❞

「在每个句子下面进行修改润色，如下所示：」

❝

自由主义者和保守派思想家强调生产效率以及质量，并认为利润是效率的动力。

Liberal and conservative thinkers stress efficiency of production, as well as quality, and consider profit the motive for efficiency.

自由主义者和保守主义者都强调质量和效率的重要性，利润被视为适当的回报。

Liberal and conservative thinkers alike stress the importance of quality and efficiency, and see them as properly rewarded by profit.

❞

在此示例中，在修改后，句子的含义已稍有更改。「第二句话可能比第一句话更流畅，并且更准确，更有意义。」看看是否可以以类似的方式使你写的每句话更好：

In this example, the meaning of the sentence has been changed slightly, during the rewrite. It may be that the second sentence flows better than the first, and is also more precise and meaningful. See if you can make each sentence you have written better, in a similar manner:

「更好意味着更短，更简单」（因为所有不必要的单词都应删掉）。对于新手来说几乎没有什么能比写短句子更快地改善他或她的写作。

Better would mean shorter and simpler (as all unnecessary words should be eliminated). There is almost nothing a novice writer can do that will improve his or her writing more rapidly than writing very short sentences.

看看「是否可以将每个句子的长度减少15–25％」。请记住，之前曾尝试过使文章的长度超出必要的长度。现在可以开始删减了。

See if you can cut the length of each sentence by 15-25%. Remember, earlier, you tried to make your essay longer than necessary. Here you can start cleaning it up.

「更好的意思是每个词都是准确正确的词。」不要试图在口语对话中使用你会感到不舒服的任何单词。

Better would mean that each word is precisely and exactly the right word. Don’t be tempted to use any word that you would be uncomfortable to use in spoken conversation.

新手经常会用自己的词汇来打动读者。当使用的词在技术上正确但其含义不正确，或在句子，段落或全文中不适用时，这样做就适得其反了。

Often, new writers try to impress their readers with their vocabulary. This often backfires when words are used that are technically correct but whose connotation is not, or that are unsuitable within the context of the sentence, paragraph or full essay.

一位专业作家会立即发现这些问题，并从本质上看待它们：不过是装模作势和糊弄人罢了。「在你掌握的词汇水平上清楚地表达即可」（可能需要一点点的延展，才能产提升自己）。

An expert writer will spot such flaws immediately, and see them for what they are: forms of camouflage and deception. Write clearly at a vocabulary level you have mastered (with maybe a bit of stretching, to produce improvement).

朗读每个句子，然后听其发音。如果很尴尬，请看看是否可以用其他更好的方式说出来。

Read each sentence aloud, and listen to how it sounds. If it’s awkward, see if you can say it a different, better way.

「听所说的话，然后写下来。重写每个句子。」当所有句子完成此操作后，请阅读旧版本和新版本，如果新版本更好，请用新版本替换旧版本。然后在此处复制新段落：

Listen to what you said, and then write it down. Rewrite each sentence. Once you have done this with all the sentences, read the old versions and the new versions, and replace the old with the new if the new is better. Then copy the new paragraph here:

❝

新段落1：

对每个段落重复：

新段落2：

新段落3：

新段落4：

新段落5（等）：

❞

「现在，尝试改进每个段落。在此处再次将其复制，保持不变」（这样做是为了使你可以轻松地将经过改进的段落与原始段落进行比较，以便可以在保留它们之前确定它们确实得到了提高）：

Now you are going to try to improve each of those paragraphs. Copy them again here, unchanged (you are doing this so that you can easily compare the improved paragraphs to the originals, so that you can be sure they are truly improved, before you keep them):

❝

新的第1款（副本）：

新的第2款（副本）：

新的第3款（副本）：

新的第4段（副本）：

新的第5段（副本）（等）：

❞

从第1段开始。像以前一样，将其分成单个句子。现在，检查每个段落中句子的排列顺序是否最佳。剪切粘贴成更好的顺序。

Start with paragraph 1. Break it up into single sentences, as you did before. Now check to see if the sentences are in the best possible order, within each paragraph. Drag and drop them, or cut and paste them, into better order.

你可以删掉一些多余的句子，当你对第一个段落满意后（即句子都是必要的，简洁的，排列正确的），那么你就可以用同样的方法着手下一个段落了。

You can also eliminate sentences that are no longer necessary. When you are satisfied with the first paragraph (which means that the sentences are necessary, short and punchy, and in the correct order) then go ahead to the next paragraph and do the same thing.

第七部分：重排段落顺序

现在，复制你所编辑的所有新的改进的段落：

Now, copy all of the new, improved paragraphs that you have edited here:

❝

新的改进的第1段：

新的改进的第2段：

新的改进的第3段：

新的改进的第4段：

新的改进的第5段（等）：

❞

「尝试改善这些新的，改进的段落的顺序。」再次将它们复制到此处，保持不变。

Now you are going to try to improve the order of those new, improved paragraphs. Copy them here, again, unchanged.

❝

新的改进的第1段（副本）：

新的改进的第2段（副本）：

改进的新的第3段（副本）：

新的改进的第4段（副本）：

改进的新的第5段（副本）（等）：

❞

现在查看段落本身的顺序（就像你对每个段落中的句子所做的一样）。

Now look at the order of the paragraphs themselves (as you just did with the sentences within each paragraph).

到现在为止，很可能是在编辑过程中，「你会发现原始大纲中子主题的顺序不再完全合适，并且需要对这些子主题进行一些重新排序。」

It may well be that by now in the editing process, you will find that the order of the subtopics within your original outline is no longer precisely appropriate, and that some re-ordering of those sub-topics is called for.

因此，在上面「新的改进的段落（副本）」进行调整，直到它们的排列顺序比之前合理。

So, move around the new improved paragraph (copies) above, until they are ordered more appropriately than they were.

第八部分：生成新大纲

现在你应该已经完成了相当不错的第二稿。你已经确定了适当的来源，写了适当的注释，概述了你的论点，草拟了初稿（逐段），重新编写了句子以使它们更加优雅，并重新排列了这些句子以及段落本身。这比大多数作家有过之而无不及。你甚至可能以为自己已经完成了，但还没完。

So now you should have produced a pretty decent second draft. You have identified the appropriate sources, written the proper notes, outlined your argument, roughed in a first draft (paragraph by paragraph), rewritten your sentences to make them more elegant, and re-ordered those sentences, as well as the paragraphs themselves. This is much farther than most writers ever get. You may even think you’re finished – but you’re not.

「下一步将带你从“ B”作文转到“ A”作文。它甚至可以帮助你写出比以前更好的作品」（“更好”的含义是信息丰富，精确，连贯，优雅而美丽）。在此处复制你到目前为止所写的内容：

The next step will take you from a “B” essay to an “A” essay. It may even help you write something that is better than you have ever produced (better meaning richer in information, precise, coherent, elegant and beautiful). Copy what you have written so far here:

❝

「完整重新调整后的文章在这里：」

❞

阅读完它。然后翻到空白的一页。

Read it. Then go to the next page.

该过程的这一部分可能会让你感到不必要或讨厌，或两者兼而有之，但你知道吗？这是将男人和男孩分开，或者将女人和男孩分开，或者将男人和女孩分开的步骤，只要不涉及性别歧视和政治正确，随便你怎么理解都行。

This part of the process will probably strike you as unnecessary, or annoying, or both, but what do you know? This is the step that separates the men from the boys, or the women from the boys, or the men from the girls, or whatever version of this saying is acceptably non-sexist and politically correct.

刚刚你读完文章。现在尝试写一个十到十五个句子的新大纲。

You have just finished reading your essay. Try now to write a new outline of ten to fifteen sentences.

「执行此操作时，请勿回头查看您的文章。」如果需要，请返回并重新阅读整个内容，然后返回此页面，但是在重写大纲时不要看你的文章。

Don’t look back at your essay while you are doing this. If you have to, go back and re-read the whole thing, and then return to this page, but don’t look at your essay while you are rewriting the outline.

「如果你强迫自己在记忆中重建论点，则可能会得到提升。」

If you force yourself to reconstruct your argument from memory, you will likely improve it.

通常，当在记忆时，是可以简化，同时保留大部分重要内容。因此，你的记忆可以充当过滤器，删除无用的内容并保存和组织至关重要的内容。你现在正在做的事情就是提炼所写的内容。

Generally, when you remember something, you simplify it, while retaining most of what is important. Thus, your memory can serve as a filter, removing what is useless and preserving and organizing what is vital. What you are doing now is distilling what you have written to its essence.

在这里写下新的大纲：

❝

1.新大纲1：

2.新大纲2：

3.新大纲3：

4.新大纲4：

5.新大纲5：

6.新大纲6：

7.新大纲7：

8.新大纲8：

9.新大纲9：

10.新大纲10（必要时重复）：

❞

现在你有了一个新的大纲，你可以剪切和粘贴上一篇文章中的内容。为此，请在该文档旁边打开一个新的Word文档。然后将您编写的新大纲剪切并粘贴到新的Word文档中。返回到原始文档，然后向上滚动到您复制并粘贴到上面的第八部分中的完整重新排序的论文。然后将重新排序的文章通过新大纲再重新排序。

Now that you have a new outline, you can cut and paste material from your previous essay. To do this, open up a new Word document beside this one. Then cut and paste the new outline that you have written into the new Word document. Return to the original document, and scroll up to the full, re-ordered essay you copied and pasted into Part Eight, above. Then cut and paste from the re-ordered essay into your new outline.

「你可能会发现你不需要之前编写的所有内容。不要害怕删掉不必要的材料。」你在试图摆脱不合标准的东西，只保留必要的东西。

You may find that you don’t need everything you wrote before. Don’t be afraid to throw unnecessary material away. You are trying to get rid of what is substandard, and leave only what is necessary.

将旧文重新整理到新大纲中后，请复制新文章，然后将其粘贴到新的Word文档中。那将是你的终稿。不要忘记在添加标题页。

Once you have finished cutting and pasting your old material into the new outline, then copy the new essay, and paste it into a new word document. That will be your final essay. Don’t forget to put a title page on it.

❝

「在这里粘贴新大纲的文章」：

❞

第九部分：重复

现在您有了第三稿，可能还不错。如果你真的想再上一个台阶，则可以重复句子重写和重新排序的过程，以及段落重新排序和重新概述的过程。

Now you have a third draft, and it’s probably pretty good. If you really want to take it to the next level, then you can repeat the process of sentence rewriting and re-ordering, as well as paragraph re-ordering and re-outlining.

通常，过几天来再来改挺不错的，这样你就可以用新的眼光来审视你的作品。

Often it is a good idea to wait a few days to do this, so that you can look at what you have produced with fresh eyes.

然后，你能够看到自己写的内容，而不是看到自己认为写的内容（在写作后立即尝试进行编辑（常有）的情况）。

Then you will be able to see what you have written, instead of seeing what you think you wrote (which is the case when you try to edit immediately after producing).

除非论文已经改无可改，否则就不算大功告成。

通常，当你尝试重写句子（或段落）时，发现已经无法确定新版本和旧版本孰优孰劣时，就说明你可以定稿了。

You are not genuinely finished until you cannot edit so that your essay improves. Generally, you can tell if this has happened when you try to rewrite a sentence (or a paragraph) and you are not sure that the new version is an improvement over the original.

第十部分：参考文献

如果你写的一个句子包含了你从其他读物里截取出来一个事实结论，或至少是一个独到的观点，那么你必须在文中标注到它的来源。

When you write a sentence that contains what is supposed to be a fact or at least an informed opinion, and you have picked it up from something you read, then you have to refer to that source.

否则，一般来说，可能会被指控剽窃，这是盗窃（知识产权）的一种形式。

Otherwise, following convention, people may accuse you of plagiarism, which is a form of theft (of intellectual property).

对于如何合理标注引用和参考资料，有大量标准可以参照学习（参考资料是指一系列你为了获取相关背景信息而阅读的书籍或文章，但因为没截取任何详细观点而区别于引用资料）。

There are a large number of conventions that you can follow to properly structure your references and your bibliography (which is a list of books and articles that you have read to obtain relevant background information, but from which you may not have drawn any ideas specific enough to require a reference).

美国心理学协会（APA）的）的引用和参考标准比较常用。这个标准通常要求在需要引用的句子后面的括号中使用原作者的姓名。例如：

The conventions of the American Psychological Association (APA) are commonly used by essay writers. This convention generally requires the use of the last names of the authors of the source in parentheses after the sentence requiring a reference. For example:

❝

有必要在句子中添加一个引用，该引用包含并非您自己的观点，或者您是从某种原始资料中获得的事实（Peterson，2014年）。

It is necessary to add a reference after a sentence containing an opinion which is not your own, or a fact that you have acquired from some source material (Peterson, 2014).

❞

也可以这样引用：

❝

Peterson（2014）认为有必要在句子中添加一个参考，该句子包含的观点并非您自己的观点，或者您是从某种原始资料中获得的事实。

Peterson (2014) claims that it is necessary to add a reference after a sentence containing an opinion which is not your own, or a fact that you have acquired from some source material.

❞

还有许多约定涉及直接引用，当你直接引述某人而不是转述他们时，必须遵循这些规则。这里有个示例，添加了被引用材料在原始资料里的详细页码（虚构的）：

There are also many conventions covering the use of a direct quote, which have to be followed when you directly quote someone, rather than paraphrasing them. Here is an example, adding the specific (fictional) number of the page containing the quoted material in the original manuscript:

❝

Peterson (2014, p. 19) claims that “the conventions of the American Psychological Association (APA) are commonly used by essay writers.”

彼得森（2014年，第19页）宣称：“美国心理学会（APA）的惯例是论文撰稿人常用的。”

❞

在参考文献列表中，文章的结尾处可能列出了Peterson的论文，如下所示（这是虚构的参考文献）：

In the Reference List, at the end of the essay, Peterson’s paper might be listed, as follows (this is a fictional reference):

❝

Peterson, J.B. (2014). Essay writing for writers. Journal of Essay Writing, 01, 15–24.

Peterson，JB（2014年）。作家的作文。杂文写作杂志，01，15-24。

❞

不同的规则适用于不同类型的原始材料，例如网页，书籍和文章。有关APA样式的所有详细信息，请访问http://www.apastyle.org/。

Different conventions hold for different types of source material such as webpages, books, and articles. All the details regarding APA style can be found at http://www.apastyle.org/

你的老师可能已建议或要求使用其他不同的格式。有关其他技术和规则的信息，请访问http://www.easybib.com/reference/guide/mla/general。

Your instructor may have recommended, or demanded, use of a different set of conventions. Information about other techniques and rules can be found at http://www.easybib.com/reference/guide/mla/general.

必须掌握至少一种参考文献格式。规则是挑剔和烦人的。但是，它们是必需的，

以便读者了解作家的工作。此外，你只需要学习一次，就硬着头皮做吧。

It is necessary to master at least one convention. The rules are finicky and annoying. However, they are necessary, so that readers know what writers are up to. Furthermore, you only have to learn them once, so bite the bullet and do it.

在此处再次复制您的论文。

❝❞

在需要的地方添加引用。然后，将参考文献列表添加到文章末尾。确保同时根据APA约定或其他一些规则进行调整。

Add references where they are necessary. Then, add your reference list to the end of your essay. Make sure you construct both according to APA convention, or some other set of rules.

最终定稿的论文

现在你的论文已经完成。需要将其复制到新的Word文档中，并正确设置其格式。

Now your essay is completed. Now you need to copy it into a new Word document, and format it properly.

通常，这意味着双倍行距，带有标题页，在每个段落的开头都缩进了五个空格。

That generally means double-spaced, with a title page, with a five space tab indent at the beginning of each paragraph.

如果要添加副标题或小节标题，请在https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/上详细讨论其用法。有关样式的其他有用信息，包括示例，可以在http://bit.ly/ZC5eFV中找到。有关此类问题的视频可在http://bit.ly/ZpX1nR获得。

If you want to add subtitles, or section headers, their use is discussed in detail at https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/ . Additional useful information for style, including examples, can be found at http://bit.ly/ZC5eFV . A video discussing such matters is available at http://bit.ly/ZpX1nR .

如果你都看到这了，真棒。如果你使用此教程写了许多文章，你会发现你的想法将变得更加丰富和清晰，与人交流也将变得更加明确。

If you got this far, good work. If you write a number of essays using this process, you will find that your thinking will become richer and clearer, and so will your conversation.

没有什么比学习更重要的了，没有什么比学习对你或你的周遭的未来更重要的了。

There is nothing more vital to becoming educated, and there is nothing more vital than education to your future, and the future of those around you.

祝你拥有更精神活力有条理的大脑。

Good luck with your newly organized and refreshed mind.

至此，我们的《乔丹·彼得森的Essay写作指南》也分享全部结束，感谢大家的阅读~