TaoYan

简介

本文将绘制静态与交互式热图，需要使用到以下R包和函数：
heatmap():用于绘制简单热图的函数
heatmap.2():绘制增强热图的函数
d3heatmap:用于绘制交互式热图的R包
ComplexHeatmap:用于绘制、注释和排列复杂热图的R&bioconductor包（非常适用于基因组数据分析）

数据准备

使用R内置数据集mtcars

df <- as.matrix((scale(mtcars)))#归一化、矩阵化

使用基本函数绘制简单简单热图

主要是函数heatmap(x, scale="row")

• x:数据矩阵
• scale：表示不同方向，可选值有：row, columa, none

• Default plotheatmap(df, scale = "none")

  
  

Use custom colors
col <- colorRampPalette(c("red", "white", "blue"))(256)
heatmap(df, scale = "none", col=col)

#Use RColorBrewer color palette names
library(RColorBrewer)col <- colorRampPalette(brewer.pal(10, "RdYlBu"))(256)#自设置调色板dim(df)#查看行列数
## [1] 32 11

heatmap(df, scale = "none", col=col, RowSideColors = rep(c("blue", "pink"), each=16), 
ColSideColors = c(rep("purple", 5), rep("orange", 6)))
#参数RowSideColors和ColSideColors用于分别注释行和列颜色等,可help(heatmap)详情

增强热图

函数heatmap.2()
在热图绘制方面提供许多扩展，此函数包装在gplots包里。

library(gplots)heatmap.2(df, scale = "none", col=bluered(100), 
trace = "none", density.info = "none")#还有其他参数可参考help(heatmap.2())

交互式热图绘制

d3heatmap包可用于生成交互式热图绘制,可通过以下代码生成：

if (!require("devtools")) 
install.packages("devtools") 
devtools::install_github("rstudio/d3heatmap")

函数d3heatmap()用于创建交互式热图，有以下功能：

• 将鼠标放在感兴趣热图单元格上以查看行列名称及相应值
• 可选择区域进行缩放

library(d3heatmap)d3heatmap(df, colors = "RdBu", k_row = 4, k_col = 2)

k_row、k_col分别指定用于对行列中树形图分支进行着色所需组数。进一步信息可help(d3heatmap())获取。

使用dendextend包增强热图

软件包dendextend可以用于增强其他软件包的功能

library(dendextend)# order for rows
Rowv <- mtcars %>% scale %>% dist %>% 
hclust %>% as.dendrogram %>%
 set("branches_k_color", k = 3) %>% 
set("branches_lwd", 1.2) %>% ladderize# Order for columns# 
We must transpose the data
Colv <- mtcars %>% scale %>% t %>% dist %>% 
hclust %>% as.dendrogram %>%
 set("branches_k_color", k = 2, value = c("orange", "blue")) %>% set("branches_lwd", 1.2) %>% ladderize
#增强heatmap()函数
heatmap(df, Rowv = Rowv, Colv = Colv, scale = "none")

#增强heatmap.2()函数
heatmap.2(df, scale = "none", col = bluered(100), Rowv = Rowv, Colv = Colv, trace = "none", density.info = "none")

#增强交互式绘图函数
d2heatmap()d3heatmap(scale(mtcars), colors = "RdBu", Rowv = Rowv, Colv = Colv)

绘制复杂热图

ComplexHeatmap包是bioconductor包，用于绘制复杂热图，它提供了一个灵活的解决方案来安排和注释多个热图。它还允许可视化来自不同来源的不同数据之间的关联热图。可通过以下代码安装：

if (!require("devtools")) install.packages("devtools") 
devtools::install_github("jokergoo/ComplexHeatmap")

ComplexHeatmap包的主要功能函数是Heatmap(),格式为：Heatmap(matrix, col, name)

• matrix：矩阵
• col：颜色向量（离散色彩映射）或颜色映射函数（如果矩阵是连续数）
• name：热图名称

library(ComplexHeatmap)
Heatmap(df, name = "mtcars")

#自设置颜色
library(circlize)
Heatmap(df, name = "mtcars", col = colorRamp2(c(-2, 0, 2), c("green", "white", "red")))

使用调色板

Heatmap(df, name = "mtcars",col = colorRamp2(c(-2, 0, 2), brewer.pal(n=3, name="RdBu")))

#自定义颜色
mycol <- colorRamp2(c(-2, 0, 2), c("blue", "white", "red"))

热图及行列标题设置

Heatmap(df, name = "mtcars", col = mycol, column_title = "Column title", row_title = 
"Row title")

注意，行标题的默认位置是“left”，列标题的默认是“top”。可以使用以下选项更改：

• row_title_side：允许的值为“左”或“右”（例如：row_title_side =“right”）
• column_title_side：允许的值为“top”或“bottom”（例如：column_title_side =“bottom”） 也可以使用以下选项修改字体和大小：
• row_title_gp：用于绘制行文本的图形参数
• column_title_gp：用于绘制列文本的图形参数

Heatmap(df, name = "mtcars", col = mycol, column_title = "Column title", 
column_title_gp = gpar(fontsize = 14, fontface = "bold"), 
row_title = "Row title", row_title_gp = gpar(fontsize = 14, fontface = "bold"))

在上面的R代码中，fontface的可能值可以是整数或字符串：1 = plain，2 = bold，3 =斜体，4 =粗体斜体。如果是字符串，则有效值为：“plain”，“bold”，“italic”，“oblique”和“bold.italic”。
显示行/列名称：

• show_row_names：是否显示行名称。默认值为TRUE
• show_column_names：是否显示列名称。默认值为TRUE

Heatmap(df, name = "mtcars", show_row_names = FALSE)

更改聚类外观

默认情况下，行和列是包含在聚类里的。可以使用参数修改：

• cluster_rows = FALSE。如果为TRUE，则在行上创建集群
• cluster_columns = FALSE。如果为TRUE，则将列置于簇上

# Inactivate cluster on rows
Heatmap(df, name = "mtcars", col = mycol, cluster_rows = FALSE)

如果要更改列集群的高度或宽度，可以使用选项column_dend_height
和row_dend_width：

Heatmap(df, name = "mtcars", col = mycol, column_dend_height = unit(2, "cm"), 
row_dend_width = unit(2, "cm") )

我们还可以利用color_branches()自定义树状图外观

library(dendextend)
row_dend = hclust(dist(df)) # row clustering
col_dend = hclust(dist(t(df))) # column clustering
Heatmap(df, name = "mtcars", col = mycol, cluster_rows = 
color_branches(row_dend, k = 4), cluster_columns = color_branches(col_dend, k = 2))

不同的聚类距离计算方式

参数clustering_distance_rows和clustering_distance_columns
用于分别指定行和列聚类的度量标准，允许的值有“euclidean”, “maximum”, “manhattan”, “canberra”, “binary”, “minkowski”, “pearson”, “spearman”, “kendall”。

Heatmap(df, name = "mtcars", clustering_distance_rows = "pearson", 
clustering_distance_columns = "pearson")

#也可以自定义距离计算方式
Heatmap(df, name = "mtcars", clustering_distance_rows = function(m) dist(m))

Heatmap(df, name = "mtcars", clustering_distance_rows = function(x, y) 1 - cor(x, y))

请注意，在上面的R代码中，通常为指定行聚类的度量的参数 clustering_distance_rows显示示例。建议对参数clustering_distance_columns（列聚类的度量标准）使用相同的度量标准。

# Clustering metric function
robust_dist = function(x, y) { 
qx = quantile(x, c(0.1, 0.9)) qy = quantile(y, c(0.1, 0.9)) l = x > qx[1] & x < qx[2] & y 
> qy[1] & y < qy[2] x = x[l] y = y[l] sqrt(sum((x - y)^2))}
# Heatmap
Heatmap(df, name = "mtcars", clustering_distance_rows = robust_dist, 
clustering_distance_columns = robust_dist, 
col = colorRamp2(c(-2, 0, 2), c("purple", "white", "orange")))

聚类方法

参数clustering_method_rows和clustering_method_columns可用于指定进行层次聚类的方法。允许的值是hclust()函数支持的值，包括“ward.D”，“ward.D2”，“single”，“complete”，“average”，…（见?hclust）。

Heatmap(df, name = "mtcars", clustering_method_rows = "ward.D", 
clustering_method_columns = "ward.D")

热图拆分

有很多方法来拆分热图。一个解决方案是应用k-means使用参数km。
在执行k-means时使用set.seed()函数很重要，这样可以在稍后精确地再现结果

set.seed(1122)
# split into 2 groupsHeatmap(df, name = "mtcars", col = mycol, k = 2)

# split by a vector specifying row classes， 有点类似于ggplot2里的分面
Heatmap(df, name = "mtcars", col = mycol, split = mtcars$cyl )

#split也可以是一个数据框，其中不同级别的组合拆分热图的行。
# Split by combining multiple variables
Heatmap(df, name ="mtcars", col = mycol, split = data.frame(cyl = mtcars$cyl, am = mtcars$am))

# Combine km and split
Heatmap(df, name ="mtcars", col = mycol, km = 2, split = mtcars$cyl)

#也可以自定义分割
library("cluster")
set.seed(1122)
pa = pam(df, k = 3)Heatmap(df, name = "mtcars", col = mycol, split = paste0("pam", 
pa$clustering))

还可以将用户定义的树形图和分割相结合。在这种情况下，split可以指定为单个数字：

row_dend = hclust(dist(df)) # row clusterin
grow_dend = color_branches(row_dend, k = 4)
Heatmap(df, name = "mtcars", col = mycol, cluster_rows = row_dend, split = 2)

热图注释

利用HeatmapAnnotation()对行或列注释。格式为： HeatmapAnnotation(df, name, col, show_legend)

• df：带有列名的data.frame
• name：热图标注的名称
• col：映射到df中列的颜色列表

# Transposedf <- t(df)
# Heatmap of the transposed data
Heatmap(df, name ="mtcars", col = mycol)

# Annotation data frame
annot_df <- data.frame(cyl = mtcars$cyl, am = mtcars$am, mpg = mtcars$mpg)
# Define colors for each levels of qualitative variables
# Define gradient color for continuous variable (mpg)
col = list(cyl = c("4" = "green", "6" = "gray", "8" = "darkred"), am = c("0" = "yellow", 
"1" = "orange"), mpg = colorRamp2(c(17, 25), c("lightblue", "purple")) )
# Create the heatmap annotation
ha <- HeatmapAnnotation(annot_df, col = col)
# Combine the heatmap and the annotation
Heatmap(df, name = "mtcars", col = mycol, top_annotation = ha)

#可以使用参数show_legend = FALSE来隐藏注释图例
ha <- HeatmapAnnotation(annot_df, col = col, show_legend = FALSE)
Heatmap(df, name = "mtcars", col = mycol, top_annotation = ha)

#注释名称可以使用下面的R代码添加
library("GetoptLong")
# Combine Heatmap and annotation
ha <- HeatmapAnnotation(annot_df, col = col, show_legend = FALSE)
Heatmap(df, name = "mtcars", col = mycol, top_annotation = ha)
# Add annotation names on the right
for(an in colnames(annot_df)) { 
seekViewport(qq("annotation_@{an}")) 
grid.text(an, unit(1, "npc") + unit(2, "mm"), 0.5, default.units = "npc", just = "left")}
#要在左侧添加注释名称，请使用以下代码
# Annotation names on the left
for(an in colnames(annot_df)) { seekViewport(qq("annotation_@{an}")) grid.text(an, 
unit(1, "npc") - unit(2, "mm"), 0.5, default.units = "npc", just = "left")}

复杂注释

将热图与一些基本图形结合起来进行注释，利用anno_point(),anno_barplot()
,anno_boxplot(),anno_density()和anno_histogram()。

# Define some graphics to display the distribution of columns
.hist = anno_histogram(df, gp = gpar(fill = "lightblue"))
.density = anno_density(df, type = "line", gp = gpar(col = "blue"))
ha_mix_top = HeatmapAnnotation(hist = .hist, density = .density)
# Define some graphics to display the distribution of rows
.violin = anno_density(df, type = "violin", gp = gpar(fill = "lightblue"), which = "row")
.boxplot = anno_boxplot(df, which = "row")
ha_mix_right = HeatmapAnnotation(violin = .violin, bxplt = .boxplot, which = "row", 
width = unit(4, "cm"))
# Combine annotation with heatmap
Heatmap(df, name = "mtcars", col = mycol, column_names_gp = gpar(fontsize = 8), 
top_annotation = ha_mix_top, top_annotation_height = unit(4, "cm")) + ha_mix_right

热图组合

# Heatmap 1
ht1 = Heatmap(df, name = "ht1", col = mycol, km = 2, column_names_gp = gpar(fontsize = 9))
# Heatmap 2
ht2 = Heatmap(df, name = "ht2", col = colorRamp2(c(-2, 0, 2), c("green", "white", "red")), column_names_gp = gpar(fontsize = 9))
# Combine the two heatmaps
ht1 + ht2

可以使用选项width = unit（3，“cm”））来控制热图大小。注意，当组合多个热图时，第一个热图被视为主热图。剩余热图的一些设置根据主热图的设置自动调整。这些设置包括：删除行集群和标题，以及添加拆分等。

draw(ht1 + ht2, 
      # Titles 
     row_title = "Two heatmaps, row title",
     row_title_gp = gpar(col = "red"), 
     column_title = "Two heatmaps, column title", 
     column_title_side = "bottom", 
      # Gap between heatmaps 
     gap = unit(0.5, "cm"))

可以使用参数show_heatmap_legend = FALSE，show_annotation_legend = FALSE删除图例。

基因表达矩阵

在基因表达数据中，行代表基因，列是样品值。关于基因的更多信息可以在表达热图之后附加，例如基因长度和基因类型。

expr = readRDS(paste0(system.file(package = "ComplexHeatmap"), "/extdata/gene_expression.rds"))
mat = as.matrix(expr[, grep("cell", colnames(expr))])
type = gsub("s\\d+_", "", colnames(mat))
ha = HeatmapAnnotation(df = data.frame(type = type))
Heatmap(mat, name = "expression", km = 5, top_annotation = ha, top_annotation_height = unit(4, "mm"), 
show_row_names = FALSE, show_column_names = FALSE) +
Heatmap(expr$length, name = "length", width = unit(5, "mm"), col = colorRamp2(c(0, 100000), c("white", "orange"))) +
Heatmap(expr$type, name = "type", width = unit(5, "mm")) +
Heatmap(expr$chr, name = "chr", width = unit(5, "mm"), col = rand_color(length(unique(expr$chr))))

也可以可视化基因组变化和整合不同的分子水平（基因表达，DNA甲基化，…）

可视化矩阵中列的分布

使用函数densityHeatmap().

densityHeatmap(df)

8 Infos

sessionInfo()
## R version 3.3.3 (2017-03-06)
## Platform: x86_64-w64-mingw32/x64 (64-bit)
## Running under: Windows 8.1 x64 (build 9600)## 
## locale:
## [1] LC_COLLATE=Chinese (Simplified)_China.936 
## [2] LC_CTYPE=Chinese (Simplified)_China.936 
## [3] LC_MONETARY=Chinese (Simplified)_China.936
## [4] LC_NUMERIC=C 
## [5] LC_TIME=Chinese (Simplified)_China.936 ##
 ## attached base packages:
## [1] grid stats graphics grDevices utils datasets methods 
## [8] base 
## 
## other attached packages:
## [1] GetoptLong_0.1.6 cluster_2.0.5 circlize_0.3.10 
## [4] ComplexHeatmap_1.12.0 dendextend_1.4.0 d3heatmap_0.6.1.1
##[7] gplots_3.0.1 RColorBrewer_1.1-2 
## 
## loaded via a namespace (and not attached):
## [1] Rcpp_0.12.9 DEoptimR_1.0-8 plyr_1.8.4 
## [4] viridis_0.3.4 class_7.3-14 prabclus_2.2-6 
## [7] bitops_1.0-6 base64enc_0.1-3 tools_3.3.3 
## [10] digest_0.6.12 mclust_5.2.2 jsonlite_1.3 
## [13] evaluate_0.10 tibble_1.2 gtable_0.2.0 
## [16] lattice_0.20-34 png_0.1-7 yaml_2.1.14 
## [19] mvtnorm_1.0-6 gridExtra_2.2.1 trimcluster_0.1-2 
## [22] stringr_1.2.0 knitr_1.15.1 GlobalOptions_0.0.11
## [25] htmlwidgets_0.8 gtools_3.5.0 caTools_1.17.1 
## [28] fpc_2.1-10 diptest_0.75-7 nnet_7.3-12 
## [31] stats4_3.3.3 rprojroot_1.2 robustbase_0.92-7 
## [34] flexmix_2.3-13 rmarkdown_1.3.9002 gdata_2.17.0 
## [37] kernlab_0.9-25 ggplot2_2.2.1 magrittr_1.5 
## [40] whisker_0.3-2 backports_1.0.5 scales_0.4.1 
## [43] htmltools_0.3.5 modeltools_0.2-21 MASS_7.3-45
## [46] assertthat_0.1 shape_1.4.2 colorspace_1.3-2 
## [49] KernSmooth_2.23-15 stringi_1.1.2 lazyeval_0.2.0 
## [52] munsell_0.4.3 rjson_0.2.15