转移举证责任

Shifting the Burden of Proof

The error of shifting the burden of proof consists of demanding that others disprove our assertions.

Let’s say Bill asserts, “The greatest single cause of exploding health care costs in this country is unnecessary referral of patients for costly medical testing.”

Barbara then asks Bill to explain why he believes that to be the case.

He responds, “Can you cite any evidence to disprove it? If you can’t, then say so.”

Bill is guilty of shifting the burden of proof.

He made an assertion; he should be ready to support it if asked and not demand that others refute it.

The rule is that whoever makes the assertion bears the burden of supporting it, and the more the assertion departs from what knowledgeable people believe, the greater the responsibility of the person making the assertion to support it.

You will be less likely to shift the burden of proof if you learn to expect your ideas to be questioned and criticized and prepare to support them before you express them.”

转移举证责任

转移举证责任的错误在于要求他人反驳我们的主张。

比方说，比尔断言，“美国医疗保健费用激增的最大单一原因是不必要地将病人转诊到昂贵的医疗检测机构。”

芭芭拉接着问比尔为什么他会这样认为。

他回答说:“你能举出任何证据来反驳它吗?”如果你做不到，那么这么说就是对的。

比尔转移举证责任的行为是错误的。

他做了一个断言;如果有人问他，他应该自己去支持结论，而不是要求别人反驳。

规则是，做出断言的人承担支持该断言的责任，而且断言与知识渊博的人所相信的内容（学界主流看法）偏离得越多，做出断言的人支持该断言的责任就越大。

如果你学会了预期你的观点会被质疑和批评，并在表达之前准备好支持它们，那么你就不太可能转移举证责任。