- 名词性从句
- 定语从句
- 状语从句
1. 名词性从句
1.1 主干成分
- 主语(n.)＋谓语(v.)＋宾语(n.)
- 主语从句(wh-/that)＋谓语(v.)
- 谓语(v.)＋宾语从句(wh-/that)
从句分辨：
整个从句（wh-/ that）充当句子成分；
充当什么成分叫做什么从句。
What has happened is the fact of murder. (主语从句)
Where he stands is dangerous.(主语从句)
That these seas are being over-fished is an obvious fact.(主语从句)
I recall how annoying smoking everywhere was years ago.(宾语从句)
What has happened was that people cannot confess fully to their dreams.(主语从句+宾语从句)
- 做题步骤
- 找动词，判断从句类别
- 解析从句，判断从句缺不缺东西，以及需要哪个连词
Quality is ______counts most.
A. which
B. that
C. what
D. where
is 是谓语动词，说明是宾语从句，缺主语，选what.
that 在名词性从句里面补充当任何成分，只起连词作用。which 强调的是哪一个。
The government has promised to do ___ lies in its power to ease the hardships of the victims in the flood-stricken area.
A. however (无论怎样，然而)
B. whichever（无论哪个）
C. whatever（无论如何）
D. wherever（无论哪里）
ever = 无论
2. 定语从句
2.1 修饰成分
- 前置定语＋n.＋后置定语（定语从句wh-/that）
- 后置定语只能是从句
| 连接词 | 修饰 | 说明 |
|---|---|---|
| which | 物n. | 强调哪一个 |
| who | 人n. | 几乎万能 |
| whom | 人n. | 在句子中充当宾语的成分 |
| whose + n | 人n. | 谁的+必须接名词 |
| where | 地点n. | 在。。。地方 |
| why | 原因n. | 只和reason搭配 |
| that | 人或物n. |
2.2 人或物n.— that“五大适用原则”
A. 仅适用于限定性定语从句
B. 适用于修饰不定代词的定语从句
C. 适用于there be＋n. 的定语从句
D. 适用于名词有特定修饰的定语从句
E. 适用于名词＋完整句子的同位语从句
A. 仅适用于限定性定语从句
限定性定语从句
The woman _______ stands there is my mother.** (who/that)**
非限定性定语从句
The woman, _______ stands there, is my mother. (which)
B. 适用于修饰不定代词的定语从句
You are everything that I ever have.
Anybody that is able to cope with the problem can get the bonus.
C. 适用于there be＋n. 的定语从句
- there is = 有
There is a book that is written by Charles Dickens.
There are a group of people that are making efforts for their great goals.
D. 适用于名词有特定修饰的定语从句
- 特定修饰：序数词，最高级，such...as/that，very，the + (one/man/woman)
He is the man that I will never forget for his kindness.
The murder is the very fact that reminds everyone of the accident.
It wasn’t such a good dinner _________ she had promised us.
A. that
B. which
C. as
D. what
as 优先于 that
E. 适用于名词＋完整句子的同位语从句
A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears.
________ is more surprising is the fact _______ all of us are correct.
A. That...that
B. What...that
C. Which...that
D. Which...what
that 只有在定语从句中充当宾语可省。同位语从句不可省
I’ve never been to Lhasa, but that’s the city _______.
A.I’d most like to visit
B.which I like to visit mostly
C.where I like to visit
D.I’d like much to visit
名词+完整句子，用that,但作为宾语，可省。 D much 不能单独出现，very much 才对
Beer is the most popular drink among male drinkers, _________ overall consumption is significantly higher than that of women.
A. whose B. which C. that D. what
whose + n = 谁的消费
2.3 物n.— which；人n. —who/whom
- “两大必须原则”
- A. 非限定性定语从句必须使用；
- B. 介词＋定语从句必须使用。
The residents, _________ had been damaged by the flood, were given help by the Red Cross.
A. all their homes
B. all whose homes
C. all of whose homes
D. all of their homes
all 后面不能直接接whose
A survey was carried out on the death rate of new-born babies in that region, _________ were surprising.
A. as results
B. which results
C. the results of it
D. the results of which
B 改成 whose results 也可以 = the results of which
The party, __________ I was the guest of honor, was extremely enjoyable.
A. by which
B. that
C. which
D. at which
什么都不缺，所以前面需要加介词。让wihich 不充当成分
3. 状语从句
| 时间状语从句 | when |
|---|---|
| 地点状语从句 | where |
| 原因状语从句 | in that = because |
| 结果状语从句 | so...that (so that 为了) |
| 方式状语从句 | as (像。。。一样)（只是逻辑关系，不充当成分） |
| 目的状语从句 | lest（= in case 为了不） |
| 让步状语从句 | however |
| 比较状语从句 | no more than |
3.1 条件状语从句
- if = provided, assuming, supposing, suppose, (如果)
The senior librarian promised to get the book for me ___ she could remember who last borrowed it.
You can arrive in Beijing earlier for the meeting if/ provided/ supposing/ suppose you don’t mind the night train.
He can continue to support himself and his family ____he produces a surplus.
A. only if （如果，仅有， only 是对if 加强）
B. much as （although, 虽然尽管）
C. long before （长在。。。之前）
D. ever since （自从）
3.2 目的状语从句
in order that, so that = 为了 （so...that 结果状语）
in case=in order that not=为了不
in case=lest=为了不
He bought the insurance at the expense of one-year salary ___ he should be seriously ill one day.
What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams, as easily and openly as once they could, ____ they be thought pushing（爱出风头的）, acquisitive（贪婪的） and vulgar（庸俗的）.
A. provided B. lest
C. unless D. in that
3.3 让步状语从句
although/ though/ even if/ even though
wh-ever=no matter wh-=无论？
whatever=no matter what=无论什么
wherever=no matter where=无论哪里
however=no matter how=无论怎样
____, he always tries his best to complete it on time.
A. However the task is hard
B. However hard the task is
C. Though hard the task is
D. Though hard is the task
ever 后加 adj/adv/分词， though + 主谓宾句子
C 改成 though the task is hard 也对
____ dull he may be, he is certainly a very successful top executive.
A. Although B. Whatever
C. As D. However
although + 句子， dull 是副词
3.4 比较状语从句
- 多－－肯定；少－－否定， 多少不是关键，逻辑是关键，感情是关键
| more A than B | A 多 B 少， 肯定A |
|---|---|
| less…than… | A少B多， 肯定B |
| as much… as… | 肯定A，B |
| no more… than… | A,B 差不多，否定A,B |
| no less…than… | 肯定A，B |
| not so much… as… | A小于B, A 否B肯， 与其A，不如B |
The heart is ____ intelligent than the stomach, for they are both controlled by the brain.
A. not so
B. not much
C. much more
D. no more
no more… than…|A,B 差不多，否定A,B
It wasn’t so much that I disliked her ____ that I just wasn’t interested in the whole business.
A. rather
B. so
C. than
D. as
not so much… as… A小于B, A 否B肯， 与其A，不如B
The couple had no sooner got to the station _____ the coach left.
A. when
B. as
C. until
D. than
有比较级，就用 than
Men differ from animals ____ they can think and speak.
A. for which
B. for that
C. in that
D. in which
in that = because, (for which, in which 只能用在定语从句）
I enjoyed myself so much ____ I visited my friends in Paris last year.
A. when
B. which
C. that
D. where
状语从句，when 当。。的时候
______ I sympathize, I can’t really do very much to help them out of the difficulties.
A. As long as （=只要=if）
B. As
C. While
D. Even
while 1. 当= when, 2 虽然= although 这里是虽然的意思
_____ its economy conditions to recover, the US is increasingly becoming a nation of part-timers and temporary workers.
A. Even though 虽然
B. Now that 因为
C. If only = only if = as long as = pass = if
D. Provided that
_____, he does get annoyed with her sometimes.
A. Although much he likes her
B. Much although he likes her
C. As he likes her much
D. Much as he likes her
much as = though 虽然
- 英文从句连词汇总
| 种 | 功用 | 功能类型 | 连词 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 从属连词 | 引导名词性从句 | 从属连词 | that, whether, if, what, which, who, whose, whatever, whichever, whoever, when, where, why, how, as if, if, as though |
| 从属连词 | 引导定语从句 | 从属连词 | that, which,who,whom, whose, when, where, why, whereby(由此，凭借), as, than, but |
| 从属连词 | 引导状语从句 | 表示时间 | when, while, as, before, after, since, once, till/untill, whenever, as soon as, immediately, directly, instantly, the moment, the minute, the instant, every(each)time, anytime, the next time, no sooner...than 等 |
| 从属连词 | 引导状语从句 | 表示条件 | if, unless, as(/so) long as（只要）, as(so) fas as（远至）, in case(为了不), once, on condition that, suppose(supposing), provided(providing), assuming（假如） 等 |
| 从属连词 | 引导状语从句 | 表示地点 | where, wherever, no matter where, everywhere, anywhere 等 |
| 从属连词 | 引导状语从句 | 表示原因 | because, as, since, now that(由于), in that, as(/so) long as（由于）, on the grounds that(由于)，considering that(鉴于), given that(考虑到), seeing that (鉴于，由于) 等 |
| 从属连词 | 引导状语从句 | 表示目的 | so that, in order that, lest(以免), for fear that（以免）, in case |
| 从属连词 | 引导状语从句 | 表示结果 | that, so, so...that, such...that, with the result that 等 |
| 从属连词 | 引导状语从句 | 表示方式 | as, just as, as if, as though, how, the way 等 |
| 从属连词 | 引导状语从句 | 表示让步 | although, though, whereas, while, as, whether, even if, even though, granted(granting) that, admitting (that), no matter wh-, wh-ever 等 |
| 从属连词 | 引导状语从句 | 表示比较 | than, as...as, so ...as, in proportion as (与。。。成比例) 等 |
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