Check Yourself

作者: 55cfb587b1f7 | 来源:发表于2018-08-08 15:38 被阅读18次
    checklist

    你是否有在行动前列出清单的习惯,有的人认为这是个好习惯;有的人认为这是浪费时间,因为计划赶不上变化。To Do List 真的有用吗?若你心里清楚明白自有一把尺,何必被条条框框限制呢?Checklist 真的用吗?还是只给人一种虚假的安全感而已?

    本期推荐的节目是来自 NPR 播客网络 Hidden Brain 的一期—— Check Yourself

    现在各种列表清单类型的APP十分流行,被视为高效人士必备的工具之一,那么checklist在历史上有什么重要的故事呢?

    Atul Gawande 是一名外科医生。几年前,他为一名的病人取出肾上腺的肿瘤,此前他已经操刀过几十台这样类型的手术,但是这一次特别棘手:该病人的肿瘤位于肝脏后面,紧靠着一根重要的血管。原本一切顺利,但是在快要完成肿瘤分离操作时,他不小心划破了血管,这会导致病人的腹部快速失血,情况陷入混乱中。

    Atul 开始按压病人的心脏以维持大脑供血。病人失血约为其原有血液体积的十倍,「但是我们为他输入足够的血液,以保证血液循环。」病人在手术过程中曾发生两次心脏骤停,但后来能够修复腔静脉的孔,并将肿瘤取出。

    最终病人恢复健康。这是一个愉快的结局,医生犯了一个错误,但是他能修复它。

    我们在看待这些传奇事件时,常常会觉得这类英雄只需靠他们的大脑和技能就能拯救我们。但技能和智力并不足以使病人幸存。Atul 说实际上挽救了他的病人的生命是外科医生在开始手术之前做出的一个计划。该计划并不宏大或复杂,事实上仅仅是一份不起眼的清单

    当我们在术前检查时,我们明确手术的目标是什么?然后去检视任何与之有关的可能发生的意外。我向麻醉医师提到这个肿瘤与腔静脉非常近。然后麻醉师制定了一个计划——在手术室准备更多的血液,以防万一。

    当灾难来临时,他已经准备好了。这是 Atul 可以克服它的唯一原因。

    The subtle biases that cause very smart and very skilled people to become their own worst enemies and how innovators have found a way to help pilots, doctors, frankly any of us, perform at our best. It's a story of an ancient insight applied to modern life. And even though you might not know it, this innovation shapes life and death decisions that affect all of us.

    (译文:微小的偏见就可以将人的聪明才智和丰富经验变成自己最大的敌人,如何帮助飞行员、医生达到自己最好的水平。这是一个将古老的见解应用于现代生活的故事。即使你可能不知道,这项创新影响我们所有人的生死决定。)

    Plane

    节目中还介绍了另一则故事。1935 年 10 月 30 日陆航的试飞员与波音首席试飞员共同对被称为「空中堡垒」的 Model 299 原型机进行第二次评估飞行时,飞行组员忘了解除飞行控制面的锁定装置,因此在起飞后飞机即快速爬升并失速坠毁。

    在20世纪30年代中期飞机的性能发生了快速的变化,有许多新的复杂的系统投入使用,而这些非常精密的系统需要飞行员服从详细操作规范。一般人认为最好的方法是进行更多的培训,花更多的时间在飞机上,像认识自己的家一样了解它,了解它内外的怪癖。但 Roger 认为这种想法可能无法拯救在坠机中死亡的人。飞行员实际上对飞机很熟悉,他们已经有好几个月的飞行经验。在测试这架飞机时,操作已经相当常规,Wright Field 飞行员和波音公司的工作人员都非常熟悉它。他们显然对飞机的操作感到非常舒适,习惯了它的怪癖并知晓它的表现。所以更多的培训并不是解决问题的答案。

    The solution that military leaders devised was fundamentally about human psychology. Pilots were not screwing up because they were incompetent. They were screwing up because they were very good, so good that they were completely sure they knew what they were doing. They didn't feel the need to slow down, go over the basics, like unlocking the elevator before taking off. The military responded with a new idea that was actually an old idea - the checklist.

    In the cockpit, you learn to follow the checklist because it helps you to keep your mind on your work. Detail's important when you're flying a big bomber, and using the checklist means you don't overlook a thing.

    (译文:军方领导人给出的解决方案是基于人类心理学的。飞行员并没有因为技术不过关而造成坠机。他们出错是因为他们非常熟练以至于完全确信自己的操作。他们并不会感到需要慢下来,再次确认一些基础的操作(是否正确完成),比如在起飞前解锁升降舵 。军方提出一个新想法,其实是一个旧想法——清单。

    在驾驶舱内,你学会了遵循清单,因为它可以帮助你工作时保持清醒。 当你驾驶一架大型轰炸机时,细节非常重要,使用清单意味着你不会忽略任何一件事情。)*

    Checklists like these were widely implemented in the military in the years after the Boeing 299 crash. They covered tasks that to a trained pilot might seem mind-numbingly obvious - make sure your crew is in the right position and that the hatches are closed. Turn off the automatic pilot. Make sure your flight controls and tailwheel are unlocked. Check that your brakes have air pressure, that your warning lights work.

    ...

    So, to be honest, as somebody who doesn't know how to fly an aircraft, a lot of this is gobbledegook to me, but I'm imagining that for most people who are pilots this stuff is actually completely routine, that this is no different than me getting into my car in the morning and saying open the door, sit down and close the door behind you, that it seems really basic stuff. And I would imagine that if someone were to tell me to do that when I got into my car each morning, I would say, what kind of bureaucratic nonsense is this? I know how to fly a plane. I'm an experienced pilot. Stop telling me how to do my job.

    Certainly. So this has been a huge problem in aviation culture, and it's one that does crop up.

    In other words, checklists can help experts slow down but only if the experts bother to listen. It turns out, lots of pilots didn't want to listen.

    (译文:波音299事故发生后的几年中,类似的检查清单在军方中得到广泛应用。清单涵盖的一些任务对于训练有素的飞行员来说似乎过于显而易见而令人厌烦,如确保你的机组人员处于正确的位置且舱门已关闭。关闭自动驾驶仪。确保你的飞行控制器和尾轮已解锁。检查你的制动装置是否有空气压力,你的警示灯是否工作。

    ……

    说实话,作为一个不懂如何驾驶飞机的人来说,这些任务清单对我来说是多么冗长,但我可以想象出来对于驾驶这东西的大部分人来说,它实际上是非常基本的例行公事,就和我每早坐进我的汽车——打开门,坐下,关上身后的门一样,十分基础的操作。想象一下如果有人在我每天早上进入汽车时告诉我这样做,我会觉得这些都是废话。我知道如何驾驶飞机。我是一个有经验的飞行员。别告诉我应该怎么做我的工作。

    当然。这就在航空文化中是一个巨大的问题,而且它确实会突然出现。

    换句话说,检查清单可以帮助专家放慢速度,但只有在专家自寻烦恼去倾听才会起作用。事实证明,很多飞行员不想听指引。)

    尽管这次事件对波音公司影响很大,但是美军最终还是购买了数千架波音公司的299型号,并将其更名为B-17。在美国参与第二次世界大战时,数千年轻的飞行员需要驾驶这些飞机。

    现代战争中空中战场和地面战斗一样重要,而且新的战争部署政策倾向于每个军官都接受飞行培训,即使不能作为一名飞行员也可以做观察员。不过,这些新的飞行员许多都不是军官,他们是年轻的、新入伍的士兵。

    Most of whom were, you know, 19, 20 year olds literally fresh off the farm, you know, with not a great deal of training. And so they're going to be operating very complex systems. In a lot of cases, the aircraft are even getting more complicated than a Boeing 299.

    For these new pilots, checklists served as a safety net. They helped them get these massive planes off the ground. They were used by flight teams to troubleshoot problems in the air, and perhaps most importantly, they helped exhausted pilots avoid mistakes while returning home from a mission. We can't know for sure how the use of checklists affected America's success in the war, but Roger is sure that they saved lives.

    If those checklists had not been integrated to that level at the start of World War II, it's reasonable to assume that many hundreds and probably thousands of lives would have been lost due to that.

    Today, checklists are essential to the aviation world. In fact, they're a big reason commercial aviation is significantly safer than driving your car on a highway. Checklists have become ubiquitous in lots of other fields, too, fields where the work is complex and the cost of mistakes is high. Construction crews now rely on checklists to build high-rise office towers. NASA has detailed to-do lists for astronauts. And then there's the world of medicine.

    (译文:你知道,他们中的大多数人是19、20岁的孩子,没有经过大量的训练,刚刚离开农场。而且他们将会操作非常复杂的系统。在很多情况下,这些飞机比波音299更复杂。

    对于这些新的飞行员,检查清单起了类似安全网的作用。它们帮助飞行员让这些巨大的飞机顺利起飞。它们被飞行小组用来解决空中问题,也许最重要的是,它们避免了疲惫的飞行员在返程时出错。我们无法确定使用清单这个政策对于美国在战争中取得成功的影响程度高低,但罗杰确信它们挽救了生命。

    如果那些清单在第二次世界大战开始时没有被纳入到这一级别,有理由认为数百甚至数千人的生命会因此丧失。

    如今,清单对航空界至关重要。事实上,它们是商用航空比在高速公路上驾驶汽车安全得多的重要原因。核对清单在其他许多领域也无处不在,尤其是那些工作复杂且错误成本高的领域。施工人员现在依靠检查清单来建造高层办公楼。美国宇航局已经为宇航员制定了详细的待办事项清单。还有医学界。)

    最后,主播总结得很好,清单在很多场景下其指导性得作用并不明显,因为对于复杂得工作人们已经通过十分充分得培训熟练掌握了流程,而清单依然有存在得必要,因为我们是人,人就会有犯错的时候,有时候正是犯错有了新发现,但是如果在犯错成本极高时,清单则是时刻提醒人应该谦卑谨慎的有效工具。

    You can draw up a comprehensive list before heading to the supermarket, and then come home and find you forgot to get the coffee. But what checklists do accomplish is they get us to focus on things that are most likely to trip us up. Over time, preventing the most common errors will have the biggest impact on our lives. Perhaps most important, checklists are one of humanity's oldest tools to combat our blindspots and our arrogance. The humble checklist reminds us of the importance of humility.

    (译文:你可以在去超市前制定一个全面的清单,但是回家后才发现你忘了买咖啡。可是清单确实让我们专注于最有可能使我们惹恼的事情。 随着时间的推移,防止最常见的错误将对我们的生活产生最大的影响。 也许最重要的是清单作为人类对付我们自身盲点和傲慢的最古老工具之一。 简陋的清单提醒我们谦卑的重要性,因为最终,我们只是人类。)

    另外你也可以在该网页浏览本期节目的英文文本。


    若想更及时地收到播客推荐及相关资讯,鼓励你在以下社交平台关注我们(各平台发布的文章和资讯均各特色):

    (如何订阅播客节目,iOS系统请参照此文章,Android系统请参照此文章)。


    相关文章

      网友评论

        本文标题:Check Yourself

        本文链接:https://www.haomeiwen.com/subject/bikxbftx.html