
It would be very difficult to construct a complete unified theory of everything all at one go. So instead we have made progress by finding partial theories.These describe a limited range of happenings and neglect other effects, or approximate them by certain numbers.In chemistry, for example, we can calculate the interactions of atoms without knowing the internal structure of the nucleus of an atom. Ultimately,however, one would hope to find a complete, consistent, unified theory that would include all these partial theories as approximations. The quest for such a theory is known as "the unification of physics."
要一次性建立一个完整的统一的理论是非常困难的。因此,我们通过寻找部分理论取得了进展。这些描述了有限范围内发生的事情,忽略了其他影响,或者用某些数字来近似它们。例如,在化学中,我们可以在不知道原子核内部结构的情况下计算原子间的相互作用。然而,最终,人们会希望找到一个完整的、一致的、统一的理论,将所有这些部分理论作为近似。对这种理论的探索被称为“物理学的统一”。
Einstein spent most of his later years unsuccessfully searching for a unified theory, but the time was not ripe: Very little was known about the nuclear forces. Moreover, Einstein refused to believe in the reality of quantum mechanics, despite the important role he had played in its development. Yet it seems that the uncertainty principle is a fundamental feature of the universe we live in. A successful unified theory must therefore necessarily incorporate this principle.
爱因斯坦晚年的大部分时间都在寻找统一理论都没有成功,但时机还不成熟:人们对核力知之甚少。此外,爱因斯坦拒绝相信量子力学的真实性,尽管他在量子力学的发展中发挥了重要作用。然而,不确定性原理似乎是我们所生活的宇宙的一个基本特征。因此,一个成功的统一理论必须包含这一原则。
The prospects for finding such a theory seem to be much better now because we know so much more about the universe. But we must beware of overconfidence. We have had false dawns before. At the beginning of this century, for example, it was thought that everything could be explained in terms of the properties of continuous matter,such as elasticity and heat conduction.The discovery of atomic structure and the uncertainty principle put an end to that.
现在发现这样一个理论的前景似乎要好得多,因为我们对宇宙了解得更多了。但我们必须警惕过度自信。我们曾经有过虚假的黎明。例如,在本世纪初,人们认为一切都可以用连续物质的特性来解释,如弹性和热传导。原子结构的发现和测不准原理终结了这一现象。
Then again, in 1928, Max Born told a group of visitors to Göttingen University,"Physics, as we know it, will be over in six months." His confidence was based on the recent discovery by Dirac of the equation that governed the electron. It was thought that a similar equation would govern the proton, which was the only other particle known at the time,and that would be the end of theoretical physics. However, the discovery of the neutron and of nuclear forces knocked that one on the head, too.
1928年,马克斯·伯恩(Max Born)再次对哥廷根大学(Gottingen University)的一群访客说,“我们所知道的物理学,将在6个月内结束。”他的信心是基于狄拉克最近发现的控制电子的方程式。人们认为,质子也会受到类似的方程式的控制,而质子是当时唯一已知的另一种粒子,这将是理论物理学的终结。然而,中子和核力的发现也击中了那个人。
------扇贝阅读(2019-05-27)
construct
n. 构想,概念;编造,杜撰;(短语的)结构成分,结构体;建造物,构筑物
v. 建造,修建(某物,尤指建筑物,公路,机器);组成,创建;(按照数学规则)编制,绘制;形成(观念,理论)
neglect
n. 疏忽,忽视;怠慢
vt. 疏忽,忽视;忽略
unified
adj. 统一的;一致标准的
v. 统一;使一致(unify的过去分词)
ripe
adj. 熟的,成熟的;时机成熟的
quantum
n. 量子论;额(特指定额、定量);美国昆腾公司(世界领先的硬盘生产商)
Proton 质子
neutron 中子
Incorporate v.将…包括在内; 包含; 吸收; 使并入; 注册成立;
moreover adv. 而且;此外
properties n. 性能;道具,内容(property的复数形式)
equation n. 方程式,等式;相等;[化学] 反应式
particle n. 颗粒;[物] 质点;极小量;小品词
all at one go 一下子
a limited range of 有限范围的
quantum mechanics 量子力学
the unification of physics 物理学的统一
later years 晚年
fundamental feature 基本特点
therefore necessarily 因此必然
in terms of 依据;按照;在…方面;以…措词
uncertainty principle 不确定性原理
put an end to that 结束了这一切
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