作者进行了进一步分析：
WHO WINS AND WHO LOSES FROM STANDARDS?
具体来说，对于消费者、销售互补产品的人，以及产业的现有玩家：
Consumers generally welcome standards: they are spared having to pick a winner and face the risk of being stranded...Standardization does have some downsides for consumers, however.The main one is a loss of variety: the standard may be poorly suited to some customers' needs, or it may just turn out to be an inferior technol�ogy, like QWERTY.
Like consumers, sellers of complements welcome standards, so long as their products comply with the standard.
Product standards for new technologies can pose a grave threat to estab�lished incumbents. After all, if standards fuel the positive feedback cycle and help launch a new technology, they can easily cannibalize sales from an older technology.
对于第三点，也就是既得利益者：
First, an incumbent can try to deny
backward compatibility to would-be entrants with new technology in the
hope of blockading entry altogether, thereby extending the life of its
own technology.
Second, an incumbent can rush to introduce its own new generation
of equipment, perhaps with the unique advantage of backward compati�bility, to win a standards war.
Finally, an incumbent can ally itself with the new technology, hop�ing to benefit from its established brand name, an expanded market, and perhaps from royalty and technology licensing income.
其实这里面也是经济账 —— 看现有的players被锁定的有多深，不只是技术、而且包括利益 —— 比如为啥微软比google在大预言模型上能下更大的赌注呢？还不是因为bing没什么好失去的，我相信他们对技术的判断，本质是一样的。
最后，对于创新者：
Companies developing new technology collectively tend to welcome standards, because standards typically expand the total size of the mar�ket and may even be vital for the emergence of the market in the first place....
这段话很重要：
When a group of innovators collectively benefit from setting a stan�dard, but the standard impacts them in very different ways, a complex negotiation ensues. Standards tend to have markedly different effects on different suppliers based on their underlying assets. Companies with a large installed base have the most to lose, while companies controlling far-superior technology have the most to gain. Size is important as well; as we have already noted, small players may especially welcome a stan�dard, since standards tend to level the playing field between big and small suppliers. We explore standards negotiations below when we dis�cuss how to build an alliance in support of a new standard.
看看，这里还是在算经济账。
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