About Sophie：
As an English lover, she is trying to read and translate ** Beyond Feelings ** * in spare time recently.
Welcome to correct it and communicate with her.
Thanks a lot.*
内容回顾：
这一节中，作者认为每个人生活的主流社会心理学理论会对我们的行为产生引导性影响。
父辈们的那种自律、低调的信念已经不复存在；而今自尊盛行。Maltz Well博士的一系列研究佐证了自尊的好处，但是却没有说明为何自尊会盛行；作者分析认为是“马斯洛需求”理论的盛行导致的。与此同时，作者又提出了同时代的，与马斯洛需求理论截然想反的Frankl的理论，即“自我超越”理论。
文末，作者提出一个设想，如果主流心理学理论不是马斯洛的需求理论，而是弗兰克的自我超越理论盛行，那么美国的现状又会截然不同。
Sophie's Words：
越读越发现这本书的趣味性和严谨性超过了这本书本身。
时代在变化，社会也不断在变，认识社会既要有横向上的思考，也要有竖向上的把握，横竖交错，编成一张链接过去和现在的大网。
这一节里作者表现了对当代人心理状态及行为的敏锐的观察力和感知力，他认为社会心理学理论主导人们的行为。
但，大众的行为真的是受社会主流心理学理论影响吗？
有没有这种可能，由于社会的发展，大众的行为受到了变化，马斯洛凭借他的专业能力观察思考形成了个人的理论，进而推广，引起大众对自己行为的反思对照，认为实用从而将马斯洛的理论广泛传播呢？
虽然同时代的弗兰克也提出了他的理论，大众也有读到，但发现对工作生活指导意义不大，从而也就没有成为主流呢？弗兰克是著有现在很多人热捧的《活出生命的意义》，自己没读过这本书，但从书名就可以看出弗兰克是认为生命本没有意义，人生的意义是活出来的，生命的意义在于发现。
弗兰克曾经在集中营九死一生，这段经历会不会是是他理论的主要思考源头呢？
正是他这段经历太过独特，和当时社会大多数人的经历难以产生交集，因此淬炼出的人生思考认知，在普适性上受阻，所以没当时盛行起来呢？
因此，作者的论证有一个问题有待考究：他认为人的行为受主流社会心理学引导。
这是事实吗？
如果是，那有何依据？影响机制及过程是什么？
如果不是，那又是受什么影响？
第二问题是：心理学理论如何发展推广？
心理学，尤其是行为心理学，一门学科的兴起和它的繁荣，背后的原因又是什么？
第三个问题：思想观念又是如何传播影响人类的？
第二三个问题，估计我一辈子也搞不明白。
1.5 The Influence of Psychology
The social and psychological theories of our time also have an impact on our beliefs. Before the past few decades, people were urged to be self-disciplined, self-critical, and self-effacing. They were urged to practice self-denial, to aspire to self-knowledge, to behave in a manner that ensured they maintained self-respect. Self-centeredness was considered a vice. “Hard work,” they were told, “leads to achievement, and that in turn produces satisfaction and self-confidence.” By and large, our grandparents internalized those teachings. When they honored them in their behavior, they felt proud; when they dishonored them, they felt ashamed.
译文：
1.5心理学的影响
我们所处的这个时代的社会心理学理论同样对我们的信念。过去几十年，人们追求自律、自我批判、低调。他们急于践行自我否定，追求自知，在行为上保持自律。自我中心被认为是邪恶。“努力工作”，他们说，“产生成绩，反过来产生满足和自信。”大体上来说，我们的父辈就是被这些教导内化。当他们以自己的行为为荣时，就会感到自豪；当他们不以自己的行为为荣时，就会感到羞耻。
by and large
internalize 英 [ɪn'tɜːn(ə)laɪz] 美 [ɪn'tɝnəlaɪz]
vt. 使（习俗等经吸收同化而）内在化；使藏在心底
Today the theories have been changed—indeed, almost exactly reversed. Self-esteem, which nineteenth-century satirist Ambrose Bierce defined as “an erroneous appraisement,” is now considered an imperative. Self-centeredness has been transformed from vice into virtue, and people who devote their lives to helping others, people once considered heroic and saint like, are now said to be afflicted with “a disease to please.” The formula for success and happiness begins with feeling good about ourselves. Students who do poorly in school, workers who don’t measure up to the challenges of their jobs, substance abusers, lawbreakers—all are typically diagnosed as deficient in self-esteem.
译文：
今天这些理论已经改变——确实，几乎完全被颠覆。自尊，19世纪讽刺作家将其定义为“错误的评价”，现在则被认为是必要的规则。以自我为中心由恶行变为美德；致力于帮助他人的人，曾经被认为是英勇的和圣人般的存在，现在被认为是患“取悦他人病”。成功和幸福的公式始于对自我感觉良好。在学校里表现不好的学生，不能应对工作挑战的员工，滥用物品者，犯法的人，都是典型被断定为缺乏自尊的人。
** appraisement** 英 [ə'preɪzmənt] n. 评价
** erroneous** 英 [ɪ'rəʊnɪəs; e-] 美 [ɪ'ronɪəs] adj. 错误的；不正确的
** imperative** 英 [ɪm'perətɪv] 美 [ɪm'pɛrətɪv]
extremely important and needing to be done or dealt with immediately
紧急的，极重要的[语]祈使的
something that must be done urgently n. 紧急的事，必要的事；命令；需要；规则；[语]祈使语气
formal an idea or belief that has a strong influence on people, making them behave in a particular way 〔对人的行为具有很大影响的〕观念，信念
virtue 英 ['vɜːtjuː; -tʃuː] 美 ['vɝtʃʊ] n. 美德(行为或品质)；优点；贞操；功效
Devote to use all or most of your time, effort etc. in order to do something or help someone
致力，献身，倾注
heroic /hɪ'rəʊɪk,hɪˋro‧ɪk/ adj. 英 [hɪ'rəʊɪk]
1.extremely brave or determined, and admired by many people
英雄的，英勇的
saint /seɪnt,sent/ n. [C ]
英 [seɪnt]
1.someone who is given the title ‘saint’ by the Christian church after they have died, because they have been very good or holy
〔死后由基督教会追封的〕圣徒，圣人
- informal someone who is extremely good, kind, or patient
圣人〔指道德高尚、善良或有耐心的人〕
3.the patience of a saint a very large amount of patience
极大的耐心
You need the patience of a saint for this job. 做这份工作需要有极大的耐心。
afflict 英 [ə'flɪkt] 美 [ə'flɪkt] vt. 折磨；使痛苦；使苦恼
be afflicted with 受折磨，受患
measure up 符合 (标准); 达到 (期望)
lawbreaker 英 ['lɔːbreɪkə] 美 ['lɔbrekɚ] n. 犯法者
deficient 英 [dɪ'fɪʃ(ə)nt] 美 [dɪ'fɪʃnt] adj. 不足的；有缺陷的；不充分的
名人：
**Ambrose Bierce ** June 24, 1842- 1914 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrose_Bierce
In addition, just as our grandparents internalized the social and psychological theories of their time, so most contemporary Americans have internalized the message of self-esteem. We hear people speak of it over coffee; we hear it endlessly invoked on talk shows. Challenges to its precepts are usually met with disapproval.
此外，正由于我们的父辈们内化了他们那个时代的社会及心理学上的理论，所以许多同时代的美国人内化了自尊的内容。我们听到人们谈及咖啡，无休止地沉迷于脱口秀。挑战自尊的准则往往会碰壁。
But isn’t the theory of self-esteem self-evident? No. A negative perception of our abilities will, of course, handicap our performance. Dr. Maxwell Maltz explains the amazing results one educator had in improving the grades of schoolchildren by changing their self-images. The educator had observed that when the children saw themselves as stupid in a particular subject (or stupid in general), they unconsciously acted to confirm their self-images. They believed they were stupid, so they acted that way. Reasoning that it was their defeatist attitude rather than any lack of ability that was undermining their efforts, the educator set out to change their self-images. He found that when he accomplished that, they no longer behaved stupidly! Maltz concludes from this and other examples that our experiences can work a kind of self-hypnotism on us, suggesting a conclusion about ourselves and then urging us to make it come true.21
译文：
但这不正是自尊理论的自我证明吗？是的。一个自我能力的消极概念当然会不利于我们的表现。Maxwell Maltz博士解释道：一个令人惊讶的结果是一个教育工作者通过改变一群学生的自我印象来提高他们的学业成绩。他们认为他们是愚蠢的，所以也以那种方式表现。推测到正是他们失败主义的态度而非缺乏能力在阻止他们努力，所以这位教育工作者开始改变他们的自我印象。他发现当他达成任务时，他们不再表现地很愚蠢。Maltz从这个例子和其他案例中总结出：我们的经历会对我们产生一种自我催眠的作用，提出一个关于自我的结论然后促使我们让它实现。21
** handicap** 英 ['hændɪkæp] 美 ['hændɪ'kæp]
n. 障碍；不利条件，不利的因素 vt. 妨碍，阻碍；使不利
amazingadj. 令人惊异的
** schoolchildren** n. 小学生
** self-image** 自我印象
the idea that you have of yourself, especially of your abilities, character, and appearance
** defeatist** 英 [dɪ'fiːtɪst] 美 [dɪ'fitɪst]n. 失败主义者adj. 失败主义（者）的
** hypnotism** 英 ['hɪpnətɪz(ə)m] 美 ['hɪpnətɪzəm]n. 催眠术；催眠状态
名人：
Maxwell Maltz
Many proponents of self-esteem went far beyond Maltz’s demonstration that self-confidence is an important ingredient in success. They claimed that there is no such thing as too much self-esteem. Research does not support that claim. For example, Martin Seligman, an eminent research psychologist and founder of the movement known as positive psychology, cites significant evidence that, rather than solving personal and social problems, including depression, the modern emphasis on self-esteem causes them.22
译文：
许多自尊理论的支持者远非Maltz证明的那样——自信是成功的重要因素；他们认为自尊并没有这么重要。研究并不支持这种言论，例如，Martin Seligman，一位杰出的研究心理学家且被认为是积极心理学运动的创始人，引用了重要的证据证明：现代人对自尊的强调导致包括沮丧在内的个人及社会问题，而不是解决这个问题。
** proponent英 [prə'pəʊnənt] 美 [prə'ponənt]n. 支持者；建议者；提出认证遗嘱者
go far beyond 远远超过
** ingredient 英 [ɪn'griːdɪənt] 美 [ɪn'ɡridɪənt]
n.原料；要素；组成部分 adj. 构成组成部分的
** founder** 英 ['faʊndə(r)] 美 ['faʊndɚ]
vi. 失败；沉没；倒塌；变跛vt. 破坏；使摔倒；垮掉n. 创始人；建立者；翻沙工
Maltz’s research documents that lack of confidence impedes performance, a valuable insight. But such research doesn’t explain why the more global concept of self-esteem has become so dominant. The answer to that question lies in the popularization of the work of humanistic psychologists such as Abraham Maslow. Maslow described what he called the hierarchy of human needs in the form of a pyramid, with physiological needs (food and drink) at the foundation. Above them, in ascending order, are safety needs, the need for belongingness and love, the need for esteem and approval, and aesthetic and cognitive needs (knowledge, understanding, etc.). At the pinnacle is the need for self-actualization, or fulfillment of our potential. In Maslow’s view, the lower needs must be fulfilled before the higher ones. It’s easy to see how the idea that self-esteem must precede achievement was derived from Maslow’s theory.
译文：
Maltz的研究说明缺乏自信会妨碍表现，这是一个很有价值的认识。但是研究并没有解释为什么更为全球化的自我概念会如此盛行。这个问题的答案在于人本心理学家工作的普及，如Abraham Maslow.马斯洛以金字塔的形式描述被他的人类需求层次理论，底层是生理需求，如食物和水。依次往上，是安全需求，对归属感和爱的需要，对自尊和认同需要，对美和认知的需要，如知识，理解等。顶端是自我实现的需要，或者是实现自身潜能的需要。在马斯看来，层次较低的需要被满足后才可能去满足较高层次的需要。这很容易理解为何自尊先于成就的观点是来源于马斯洛的理论。
** popularization** 英 [,pɒpjʊləraɪ'zeɪʃən] 美 [,pɑpjələraɪ'zeʃən] n. 通俗化，大众化；普及
the hierarchy of human needs 需要层次理论
In 1943, social scientist Abraham Maslow outlined a pyramid that showed what he called the human being's 'hierarchy of needs.'
1943年，社会学家亚伯拉罕•马斯洛(Abraham Maslow)提出了金字塔式的人类需求层次理论。
** physiological** 英 [,fɪzɪə'lɒdʒɪkəl] 美 [,fɪzɪə'lɑdʒɪkl] adj. 生理学的，生理的
** ascending** 英 [ə'sendɪŋ] 美 [ə'sɛndɪŋ] adj. 上升的
** belongingness** 英 [bi'lɔŋiŋnis] 美 [bi'lɔŋiŋnis] n. 归属感；相属关系
** pinnacle** 英 ['pɪnək(ə)l] 美 ['pɪnəkl]
n. 高峰；小尖塔；尖峰；极点vt. 造小尖塔；置于尖顶上；置于高处
** actualization** 英 [,æktʃʊəlaɪ'zeɪʃən] 美 [,æktʃʊəlɪ'zeʃən] n. 实现；现实化
** self-actualization** n. 自我实现
fulfillment [fʊl'fɪlmənt] n. 履行；实行
potential 英 [pəˈtenʃl] 美 [pə'tɛnʃl]
n. 潜能；可能性；[电] 电势 adj. 潜在的；可能的；势的
** precede** 英 [prɪ'siːd] 美 [prɪ'sid] vt. 领先，在…之前；优于，高于 vi. 领先，在前面
Other theories might have been adopted, however. A notable one is Austrian psychiatrist Viktor Frankl’s, which was advanced at roughly the same time as Maslow’s and was based on both Frankl’s professional practice and his experiences in Hitler’s concentration camps. Frankl argues that one human need is higher than self-actualization: self-transcendence, the need to rise above narrow absorption with self. According to Frankl, “the primordial anthropological fact [is] that being human is being always directed, and pointing to something or someone other than oneself: to a meaning to fulfill or another human being to encounter, a cause to serve or a person to love.” A person becomes fully human “by forgetting himself and giving himself, overlooking himself and focusing outward.”
译文：
然而，其他理论可能曾经被采纳。其中有一个著名的理论是澳大利亚心理学家Viktor Frankl提出来的，该理论和马斯洛需求理论几乎同时提出来的，当时很先进的；以Frankl的职业经验和他在希特勒集中营里的经验为基础。Frankl认为一个人的需要比我实现层次更高：自我超越，一种上升超过狭隘自我的需要。根据Fankl，“原始人的事实，人类通常是被需要知道的，而且需要指出某人或某事而不是他自己本身：这意味着实现或遇到另一个人，一个服务的理由或一个人来爱。”一个人通过忘掉自己、风险自己、忽视并聚焦于外界来成为一个完整的人。
self-transcendence [,sɛlftræn'sɛndəns] 自我超越
一个人通过忘掉自己，不断付出，忽略自己，着眼于外界可以成为一个完整的人
** psychiatrist** 英 [saɪ'kaɪətrɪst] 美 [saɪ'kaɪətrɪst] n. 精神病学家，精神病医生
** primordial** 英 [praɪ'mɔːdɪəl] 美 [praɪ'mɔrdɪəl] adj. 原始的；根本的；原生的
** anthropological** 英 [,ænθrəpə'lɒdʒɪkəl] 美 [,ænθrəpə'lɑdʒɪkl] adj. 人类学的；人类学上的
** Hitler** 英 ['hitlə] 美 n. 希特勒（纳粹德国元首）
** concentration camp** 集中营
Making self-actualization (or happiness) the direct object of our pursuit, in Frankl’s view, is ultimately self-defeating; such fulfillment can occur only as “the unintended effect of self-transcendence.”23 The proper perspective on life, Frankl believes, is not what it can give to us, but what it expects from us; life is daily—even hourly—questioning us, challenging us to accept “the responsibility to find the right answer to its problems and to fulfill the tasks which it constantly sets for [each of us].”24
译文：
在Frankl看来，我们把自我实现（或幸福）作为我们追求的直接目标，最后会事与愿违；只有“自我超越的非预期效应”发生才可能实现这种满足。23Frankl认为对人生合适的认知不是它能给我什么，而是能它对我们有什么期待；生活是在每天甚至每时都在拷问我们，挑战我们去接受“一种责任，一种找到人生问题的正确答案及实现一种对我们每个人设定的任务的责任。”
** self-defeating** 英 [,selfdi'fi:tiŋ] adj. 弄巧成拙的；不利于自己的企图的;自掘坟墓
** unintended effect** 非预期效应
Finding meaning, according to Frankl’s theory, involves “perceiving a possibility embedded in reality” and searching for challenging tasks “whose completion might add meaning to [one’s] existence.” But such perceiving and searching are frustrated by the focus on self: “As long as modern literature confines itself to, and contents itself with, self-expression—not to say self-exhibition—it reflects its authors’ sense of futility and absurdity. What is more important, it also creates absurdity. This is understandable in light of the fact that meaning must be discovered, it cannot be invented. Sense cannot be created, but what may well be created is nonsense.”25
译文：
找到意义包括“接受一个融入现实可能”，并寻求挑战“谁的竞争力可能增加意义对人的存在。”但是这种认知和寻找会被我执打破“只要现代文化限制并满足于自我表达，更不用说自我展示，它反应了作者的无力感和荒谬感”。最重要的是，它同样也创造荒谬。根据意义必须发现这以事实，这是可以理解的，因为它不能被创造。感觉也不能创造，但我们很可能创造无感。25
futility 英 [fjʊ'tɪlɪtɪ; fjuː'tɪlɪtɪ] 美 [fjʊ'tɪləti] n. 无用；徒劳；无价值
absurdity英 [əb'sɜːdɪtɪ] 美 [əb'sɝdəti] n. 荒谬；谬论；荒谬的言行
in light of 根据；鉴于；从…观点
Whether we agree completely with Frankl, one thing is clear: Contemporary American culture would be markedly different if the emphasis over the past several decades had been on Frankl’s theory rather than on the theories of Maslow and the other humanistic psychologists. All of us would have been affected—we can only imagine how profoundly—in our attitudes, values, and beliefs.
译文：
不管我们是否同意Frankl,有一件事是清楚的：如果强调过去几十对Frankl理论的影响，而不是对马斯洛和其他心理学家的理论的影响。同时代的美国文化是大不一样的。在态度、价值以及信仰方面所有人都曾被影响，我们只能想象它有多深刻。
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