1. 一般段落结构
段落一般包括三部分
a. A topic sentence that tells the reader what the paragraph is about and in some way connects with the previous paragraph.
b. From one to eight sentences in a logical sequence that develop the topic.
c. A concluding sentence, possibly referring back to the first sentence or forward to the next paragraph.
2. 怎样组织一个段落
举例：
(S1) Different writers have different methods of organizing their reports, and some seem to have no discernible method at all. (S2) Most of the better writers, however, appear to be in remarkably close agreement as to the general approach to organization. (S3) This approach consists of stating the problem, describing the method of attack, developing the results, discussing the results, and summarizing the conclusions. (S4) You may feel that this type of organization is obvious, logical, and natural. (S5) Nevertheless, it is not universally accepted. (S6) For example, many writers present results and conclusions near the beginning, and describe the derivation of these results in subsequent sections.
words, sentences, punctuation repetitions of key words：停顿多，多重复
Total words = 101 ； Total sentences = 6 ； Average words per sentence = 16.8 ；Longest sentence = 22 words； Shortest sentence = 6 words；Full stops (.) = 6；Commas (,) = 10；Semi colons (;) = 0.
S1 总结句。S2修饰/限定S1。S3重复approach。S4直接面向读者。S5，转折短句。S6连词。
技巧：1.重复同一个词。2.一句话最多两个意思，S4和S5一个意思，S6用and连接了两个意思。
3. 新的一节的第一段
1)可以加一个小总结，可以只总结这一节，或者可以提到未来的章节，但是要注意篇幅不要太长。
2）如果要求短文，也可以没有总结，直接进入主题。
4. 新旧信息放在段落的什么位置
version 1 Readability formulas calculate how readable a text is by determining the level of difficulty of each individual word and the length of sentences. All types of writers can use these formulas in order to understand how difficult or readable their texts would be for the average reader. However, readability formulas are based purely on what is considered difficult for a native English speaker, and do not take into account problems that may be encountered by non-natives. In this paper ...（背景旧信息呈现比较多）适合非这个研究方向的期刊摘要或者引言
version 2 Current readability formulas are based purely on what is considered difficult for a native English speaker. They fail take into account problems that may be encountered by non-natives. One thousand five hundred PhD students from 10 countries were asked to evaluate the difficulty of five technical texts from their business discipline written by native English speakers. Three key difficulties were found: unfamiliar vocabulary (typically Anglo-Saxon words), unfamiliar cultural references, and the use of humor. The paper also proposes a new approach to assessing the level of readability of texts to account for such difficulties.（直接说优于前面文章的是什么）适合这个研究方向的摘要或者引言
version 3 Unfamiliar vocabulary (typically Anglo-Saxon words), unfamiliar cultural references, and the use of humor: these, according to our survey of 1500 PhD students, are the main difficulties non-native speakers have when reading a business text in English. Our results highlight the need to adjust current readability formulas in order to take non-native speakers into account. The paper also proposes a new approach to assessing the level of readability of texts to account for such difficulties.（直接呈现发现的结果）有很突出的结果或者发现，这个方向非常专业的期刊。
5. 新旧信息放在句子的什么位置
1）从句里面的句子信息一般没有主句重要，或者说从句里面的信息是旧的
正例. English, which is the international language of communication, is now studied by 1.1 billion people.
反例. * English, which is now studied by 1.1 billion people, is the international language of communication.
反例. English is now studied by 1.1 billion people, though this number is expected to drop with the rise in importance of Chinese.
正例. Although English is now studied by 1.1 billion people, this number is expected to drop with the rise in importance of Chinese.
如果是想要表示两部分一样重要，可以拆成两个句子。
6.句子逻辑
1）段落中，一般都是从一般概念到具体的概念。
2）用相同的(逻辑的)顺序陈述和解释观点
3）不要强迫读者改变观点
1.It is important to remark that our components are of a traditional design. However, we want to stress that the way the componentsare assembled is very innovative.
Although our components are of a traditional design, the way they are assembled is very innovative. （提示词）
2. Working in this domain entails modifying the algorithms as we are dealing with complex numbers.
Since we are dealing with complex numbers, working in this domain also entails modifying the algorithms. （时间顺序呈现信息，假设提前）
3. Therefore, the rescaled parameters seem to be appropriate for characterizing the properties, from a statistical point of view.
Therefore, from a statistical point of view, the rescaled parameters seem to be appropriate for characterizing the properties.（假设提前）
4. The number of times this happens when the user is online is generally very few.
This rarely happens when the user is online.(否定词在开头)
5. Documentation on this particular matter is almost completely lacking .
There is virtually no documentation on this particular matter.(否定词在开头)
6. *Consequently we found this particular type of service not interesting.
Consequently we did not find this particular type of service interesting.(否定词在开头)
7 使用一致的编号系统来列出阶段、状态、部件等。first(ly), second(ly), third(ly), finally.
8 当你谈论你的研究和你的主要发现时，开始一个新的段落。This study shows that / Our findings highlight / These
results indicate that
9 段落不要太长
一篇写得好的研究论文一段的最长长度是15行。但大多数段落应该更短。如果你已经写了8个12行或4个6句以上，那么你可能需要重新阅读你所写的，并考虑从哪里开始一个新的段落。
10 开启新段落的标记
一个段落可以只有一两个句子，但是这样的段落不要太多
1）In order to do this / To this end / With this mind
To state the purpose of something. For instance, you outline a requirement, and then you begin to say how you could meet this requirement
Then / Following this / Afterwards
To indicate a temporal relationship
For example , / An example of this is / In fact, / Unlike / Nevertheless,
To give an example or supporting/negating evidence. By ‘example’ I don’t mean just a list of items, but a complete example or evidence that supports or negates what you have just been saying and that requires several sentences to explain
In addition / Another way to do / An additional feature of
To add additional points. For instance, if you are focusing just on one thing (e.g. X) and you talk about X’s attributes
On the other hand / However / In contrast
To qualify what you have just said: i.e. to indicate an exception or the two sides of an argument
Due to / Since / Although
To give reasons for something
Thus / Therefore / Consequently / Because of this
To indicate a consequence
This means that / This highlights that / These considerations imply that / In conclusion / In sum
To announce and give a mini conclusion about what you have said in the previous sentences
Figure 1 shows / As can be seen in Table 2
To talk about figures, tables etc.
Firstly, secondly, finally
To introduce elements in a list
As far as X is concerned, / In relation to X,/In the case of / With regard to / As noted earlier
To introduce a new element; to recall something mentioned earlier
It is worth noting that / Interestingly
To add some additional information or make some comment, not necessarily directly about something you have mentioned before but as an aside.
11 段落的总结
逻辑清晰可以不需要总结。如果拿掉总结后，不影响理解可以不需要总结。一个小节中，引言和结论常用小段总结。总结的时候一定要避免冗余。
网友评论