Chapter 2 GYROSCOPIC ACTIONS
注：mechanical开始解释成“机械的”，后来改为“力学的”，在有“机械”或“力学”的翻译处可能不通，不影响理解。
"The way in which Faraday made use of his lines of force in coordinating the phenomena of electric induction shows him to have been a mathematician of high order, and one from whom the mathematicians of the future may derive valuable and fertile methods."
-James Clerk Maxwell
法拉第用力线表示电感应现象展示了他已经是一个有很高水平的数学家，未来的数学家可能从他的方法中得到宝贵和丰富的方法。
-麦克斯韦
I will begin with the scientific facts concerning my initial reading in March, 1965 on the nature of Michael Faraday's Generator.
我将从我在1965年3月开始读的迈克尔-法拉第的发电机中的科学事实开始。
Anyone who cannot recognize the veracity of certain conclusions that I understood when I initially studied Faraday's facts has been unjustly influenced by the teaching process which rewards one for memorization and discourages questioning of the subject matter taught.
所有人都没有认识到某些结论的真像，当我开始学习法拉第的研究时我已经明白了，这些事实被不鼓励质疑鼓励死记硬背的教学过程不公正的影响了。
As you read the following list of experimental facts concerning Faraday's generator, you will retrace the steps of my initial readings during March 1965. With open eyes and an open mind, question for yourself what would happen under the conditions described below.*
当你读下面的关于法拉第的发电机实验事实时，你将追溯我在1965年的步伐。打开双眼打开思想，问你自己在下面描述的情况下会发生什么。
The facts of Faraday’s Generator:
法拉第的发电机的事实：
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Push a conductor wire down and through a magnetic field at right angles to the lines of force and the electric current will flow to the left as drawn.
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向下移动导线垂直于磁力线穿过一个磁场区域，电流会向左流。
注：如图1中运动导线会产生向左的电流，右手定则。
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Push a conductor up and through a magnetic field at right angles to the lines of force and the electric current flows to the right as drawn (opposite to Figure 1 above).
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向上移动导线垂直于磁力线穿过一个磁场区域，电流会向右流（和图1相反）。
注：如图2中运动导线会产生向右的电流。
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- Flip over the magnet 1800 and the direction of the electric current flow will be reversed from that of Figures 1 and 2 above, although the direction and motion of the conductor remain the same (compare Figure 3 to Figure 1 and observe opposite results).
3.将磁体对调180度电流方向将和图1图2中的方向相反，虽然导线移动方向一样（图3和图1相比，观察相反的结果）。
注：对换磁极，运动方向不变，电流方向变了。
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- Push the conductor "down" or "up" in a motion parallel to, and through the magnetic lines of force: no electric current will flow despite a vigorous or energetic pushing effort.
4.平行于磁力线上下移动导线：没有电流产生，不论用多大的力。
注：和磁力线上下平行运动不会产生电流。
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- However, although the conductor can be very slowly pushed at right angles to the magnetic lines of force, the resulting electric current will move at the speed of light.
5.然而，虽然导线垂直于磁力线非常缓慢移动，电流将以光速产生运动。
注：这里的光速运动是指电流会在瞬间产生。
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- The conductor can be disconnected from the ammeter, flipped over 180°, reconnected to the ammeter to repeat the same motions of the conductor through, and at right angles to the magnetic lines of force (as in Figures l - 3). Identical results of the electric current flow will then be observed even though the conductor has been flipped over 180°. (See Figures 5 and 6: the conductor in Figure 6 has been flipped over 180° from that of Figure 5, yet the direction of current flow is identical.)
6.将导线和电流表断开，对调两端重新连接，重复图1-3的运动，导线垂直于磁力线穿过磁场。产生的电流运动方向没有改变，虽然改变了导线的两端。（看图5和图6：图6中的导线相比图5已经翻转了180°，然而电流的方向没有改变。）
注：说明电流的产生和导线没关系，只和导线的运动有关。
- The conventional teachings would suggest that the above-discussed electric current flow was a result of electron flow in the conductor and that nothing came from the magnetic field. Also, conventional teachings states that the magnetic lines of force are imaginary, consisting of Potential Energy and no Kinetic Energy. [This claim was believed to be justified because no current flow was observed when the conductor was motionless in a magnetic field. There is no merit to this position when one knows that one can vigorously move a conductor parallel to magnetic lines of force and no current flow will occur.]
传统的教学会说上面的讨论的电流是电子在导线中流动的结果，和磁场没多少关系。另外，传统教学规定磁力线是想象出来的，只有势能没有动能。【这种说法被相信是因为导线在磁场中不动时没电流被观察到。这是没有任何价值的，因为当一个人猛烈的平行于磁场线移动一个导线时也没电流产生。】
注：有点电流产生和导线运动也没关系的意思。如果电流是动能转化来的，为什么要在磁场中，为什么还要有方向的运动。
- As I studied the above facts of Faraday’s Generator, I concluded that the conventional teachings of No. 7 above were totally incorrect and that such a conclusion completely ignores the known facts presented by Faraday’s Generator.
当我学习到上述法拉第的电机的事实，我得出了一个结论，以上7种传统学说都是不正确的，这些学说完全忽视了法拉第的电机中出现的现象。
- Facts 1-6 above clearly proved to me that a magnetic field consists of:
上面1-6的事实清楚的证明磁场构成如下：
A. Particles which have mechanical characteristics. I asked myself, "How else could these particles 'know' which way to travel and why else would the direction of current flow be so dependent upon the magnetic field and totally independent of the conductor itself?”
有力学运动特性的粒子。我问自己，“这些粒子怎么‘知道’向哪条道运动，为什么电流方向这么依赖于磁场而不是导体本身？”
B. Particles moving at the speed of light within the magnetic field. The facts prove to me that one did not impart the velocity of light to electric current flow by moving a conductor slowly through a magnetic field. Rather, the facts demonstrated that the resulting electric current flow consisted of an entity which already traveled at the speed of light. The slow movement of conductor at right angles to that entity had simply mechanically deflected the particle from its normal path. [Such action is similar to that of a bullet being deflected by hitting a metal plate or body of water at the proper angle which results in the bullet being deflected from its original path.]
粒子以光速在磁场中运动。这些事实证明电流的光速运动是通过导体缓慢通过磁场产生的。这些事实证明电流由已经以光速运动的实体组成。导体相对这种实体在垂直方向的运动使粒子偏离了它们原来的方向。【这样的运动和子弹通过在正确的角度撞击金属盘子或水体被偏移一样，结果是子弹从原来的路径偏移】
注：意思很明显，电流是被偏移了的一种实体，这种实体本来以光速运动，我们只是改变了它们的方向。
However, I was still puzzled. I asked myself, "Why did the up and down motion of the deflecting conductor produce opposite-direction deflection of this mechanically-natured particle which moved at the speed of light? Why did the deflection reverse when the magnet was flipped over 180°? And why, when the conductor moved parallel to these mechanically natured particles (which were moving at the speed of light), was no current flow produced?" This latter question indicated to me that no proper deflection of the particles occurred in the mechanical position of force of the conductor.
然而，我依然困惑。我问自己，“为什么导体上下运动会使这种以光速运动的机械粒子产生相反的偏移方向。为什么当磁场翻转180°偏移方向相反了？为什么当导体平行于这些粒子（以光速运动）运动时没有电流产生？”这些之后的问题指示给我，在导体受力的位置没有粒子偏移发生。
Also, I asked myself, "When the conductor was motionless in the magnetic field (consisting of particles with mechanical characteristics and moving at the speed of light), why was no current flow produced?" This observation indicated that there was no proper deflection of the particles occurring in the mechanical position of the conductor.
同时，我问自己，“当导体在磁场（由有力学特性的以光速运动的粒子组成）中没有运动时，为什么没有电流产生？”这个观察指明，在导体受力的位置没有真正的粒子偏移发生。
- Summation of my thoughts in the early months of 1965:
10.1965年前几个月的总结：
Faraday had invented an important invention - the electric generator - but he had invented an inefficient invention because one always obtained less energy from a system than the energy put into that system: yet, the facts clearly showed that the system consisted of an orderly flow of Kinetic Energy. This Kinetic Energy consists of a mechanically-oriented particle which moves at the speed of light. Therefore I knew that in order to construct the proper technological mechanism which could utilize this energy, I must simply understand the essence of the entire system.
法拉第已经发明了一种重要的发明-发电机-但他也发明了一种无效率的发明，因为总是从系统中得到的能量比输入系统的少：但是，事实证明系统由有序流动的动能组成。这种动能由以光速定向运动的粒子组成。因此我知道，为了构建能正确利用这种能量的科学装置，我必须理解整个系统的本质。
In addition to making my living by other successful inventions, the next three years consisted of thousands of hours of testing, studying, and thinking to search for the truth concerning the nature of this mechanically oriented particle. During this time, the same question dominated my thoughts: How did the particles of a magnetic field "know" which way to travel? In retrospect, the answer is extremely simple, but seemed very difficult to me at the time since I had never taken a physics course and had been teaching myself many varied subjects.
除靠另外一个发明谋生外，以后的三年我用了几千个小时来实验、学习、思考，研究关于这种机械粒子的的原理。在这段时间，同一个问题在困扰着我：磁场粒子如何“知道”走哪个路径？回想起来，答案是如此简单，但似乎对我来说太难了，因为我从没有上过物理课也没有自学那么多科目。
At this time in my life, I began to work on another invention consisting of a flywheel which acted as a "mechanical storage battery" for a bicycle. This flywheel caused the bicycle to automatically react as a "wheelie.” Such "stored mechanical energy" within the flywheel suggested to me the stabilizing influence of a gyroscope. I then became fascinated with understanding the essence of the gyroscope and thereafter I learned the answer to the questions dominating my thoughts concerning the explicit, mechanical characteristics of the particles comprising a magnetic field and traveling at the speed of light.
我生命里的这段时间，我开始研究另一个发明，它由一个飞轮组成，就像一个自行车的“机械存储电池“。飞轮引起自行车自动产生一些特技反应。这些飞轮中“存储的机械能”暗示我陀螺仪的稳定影响。我之后沉迷于对陀螺仪本质的理解，之后这让我找到了我一直关心的问题的答案，关于以光速运动的组成磁场的粒子的力学特性。
注：可以看陀螺仪的一些特性视频，很神奇。
- These particles consist of a gyroscopic mechanical action which can be operationally (mechanically) understood and predicted! Let the following facts prove or disprove this Theory:
这些粒子以陀螺仪方式运动，这可以用于真实的理解和预测一些事！这下面的事实证明或推翻这个理论：
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Figure 11-A Move a conductor down at a right angle to a magnetic field and the current flow moves left.
图 11-A 在正确的角度向下移动一个导体，产生向左的电流。
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Figure 11-A1 Apply a downward force to the axis of a spinning gyroscope and it will pivot at a right angle to the force (in this case pivot left). Now imagine that this gyroscope has a forward direction at the speed of light.
图 11-A1 给个旋转的陀螺仪的一端一个向下的力，它会在垂直于力的方向在枢轴方向进动（在这里是向左移动）。现在想象这个陀螺仪以光速向前运动。
THE ANALOGY OF THE ABOVE TWO EXAMPLES IS SCIENTIFICALLY EXACT!
类似上面两个的例子同样科学精准！
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Figure 11-B Move the conductor "up" at right angles to the magnetic field and the current flows right and opposite to Figure 11-A above.
图11-B 垂直于磁场区域向上移动导体，电流向右流，和图11-A相反。
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Figure 11-Bl Apply an upward force to the axis of the spinning gyroscope and it will pivot at right angles to the force. In this case, the gyroscope pivots right and opposite to Figure 11-A1 above. Now imagine that this gyroscope has a forward direction at the speed of light.
图 11-B1 给一个旋转的陀螺仪的一端一个上的力，它会在垂直于力的方向在枢轴方向进动（在这里是向右移动）。现在想象这个陀螺仪以光速向前运动。
AGAIN, THE ANALOGY OF THE ABOVE TWO EXAMPLES IS SCIENTIFICALLY EXACT!
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Figure 11-B Flip the magnets over 180° and repeat the actions of Figure 11-A above. The current flow direction will be right and opposite to that of Example 11-A even though the force direction is the same.
图 11-B 对调磁场方向重复图11-A中的动作。电流方向向右，和11-A相反，虽然力的方向一样。
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Figure 11-C1 Flip the spinning gyroscope over 180°. Repeating the actions of Figure 11-Al above, the gyroscope will pivot at right angles to the force, but will now pivot right and opposite to that of Figure 11 –A1 above, even though the force direction is the same. Now imagine that this gyroscope has a forward direction at the speed of light.
注：陀螺仪对调方向，进动方向变得相反。其实是旋转方向变了。
AGAIN, THE ANALOGY OF THE ABOVE TWO EXAMPLES IS SCIENTIFICALLY EXACT!
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Figure 11-D Repeat the actions of Figure 11-B and the current flow will be left and opposite to Figure 11-B even though the force direction is the same.
图11-D 重复图11-B的运动，电流将向左流动，和图11-B相反，即使力的方向一相同。
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Figure 11-D1 Repeat the actions of Figure 11-Bl: the gyroscope will pivot at right angles to the force, but will now pivot left and opposite to Figure 11-B1 even though the force direction is the same. Now imagine that this gyroscope has a forward direction at the speed of light.
图11-D1 重复图11-Bl的运动：陀螺仪将垂直于力的方向进动，但将向左进动，和图11-B1相反，即使力的方向相同。现在想象陀螺仪以光速向前运动。
AGAIN, THE ANALOGY OF THE ABOVE TWO EXAMPLES IS SCIENTIFICALLY EXACT!
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Figure 11-E Move the conductor vigorously "up" and “down" through the magnetic field, maintaining the conductor force parallel to the magnetic tines of force and no current flow will result.
图11-E 快速的上下移动导线穿过磁场区域，保持导线和磁力线平行，没有电流产生。
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Figure 11-E1 Apply an "up" and "down" force parallel to the axis of the spinning gyroscope. Regardless of how energetically the force is applied, as long as the force remains parallel, the gyroscope will not pivot even though it has a forward motion at the speed of light.
图11-E1 施加一个平行于自旋陀螺仪轴上下的力。不管力多大，只要力平等于陀螺仪的轴就没有进动的发生，即使它在以光速向前运动。
AGAIN, THE ANALOGY OF THE ABOVE TWO EXAMPLES IS SCIENTIFICA LLY EXACT!
"These particles consist of a 'gyroscopic mechanical action ' which can be operationally (mechanically) understood and predicted!”
“这些粒子以陀螺仪方式运动，可以解释和预言很多事实！”
F. The reason that a stationary conductor in a magnetic field (generated by and consisting of gyroscopic particles spinning and moving at the speed of light) does not produce current flow is very simple. The fundamental Laws for the Mathematics of Probability (Statistics of Large Numbers) states that as many of the gyroscopic particles will pivot left as pivot right due to the random motion of the atoms comprising the conductor. Such action causes a cancellation effect. The same is true if, from all directions, one randomly applies a force to the axis of a spinning gyroscope. It simply will not pivot if the random forces are fast.
在一个磁场（由的陀螺仪式的粒子以光速旋转和运动产生）中一个静止的导体不产生电流的原因很简单。统计学说明大量的陀螺仪式粒子将向左或右进动，归因于导体中原子的无规则运动。这种运动会抵消效果。如果从各方向施加力到旋转陀螺仪的一端也是一样的。如果随机的力很快，它将不会进动。
AGAIN, THE ANALOGY OF THE ABOVE TWO EXAMPLES IS SCIENTIFICALLY EXACT!
G. When one brings a conductor "down" or "up" at right angles to a magnetic field, the random motion of the atoms within the conductor does not affect the system because there is a general drift direction of the "up” and "down" force applied to the gyroscopic particles comprising a magnetic field. This effect is similar to an airflow consisting of gas molecules in random motion within the airflow, but also possessing a general drift direction which will apply a force to a windmill, etc. If the airflow ceases, however, the windmill will not turn even though the molecules of gas - while still moving at high velocities - are nonetheless in a random motion which cancels the force applied to all sides of the windmill.
当相对于磁场在一个正确的角度上下移动导体时，导体内的无规则运动的原子不影响整个系统，因为一个大致的上下方向的力作用于组成磁场的陀螺仪粒子。这种效果和气流相似，气流由无规则运动的气体分子组成，但一个大致的方向可以带动风车等。然而，如果没有气流风车不会转动，即使气体分子依然以很高的速度在运动，但无规则的运动会抵消作用于风车的作用力。
The same effect is true if one applies a random force to the axis of a gyroscope. If the random force has a given drift direction of force, the gyroscope will pivot at right angles to that drift directional force.
给陀螺仪的一端一个无规则的力效果是一样的。如果无规则的力有一个大致的方向，陀螺仪将垂直于力的方向进动。
AGAIN, THE ANALOGY OF THE ABOVE TWO EXAMPLES IS SCIENTIFICA LLY EXACT!
At this point in time, the facts I had assembled had convinced me that my initial thoughts in 1965 were indeed correct. A magnetic field does consist of discrete particles which move forward at the speed of light and possess mechanically-identifiable characteristics which are identical to those possessed by a gyroscope. Such characteristics can be mechanically understood and predicted.
这时，我收集到的实事使我深信不疑我1965年的想法是正确的。磁场是由不相连的粒子组成，它们以光速运动，有明显的力学特性，和陀螺仪的特性一致。这样的特性可以被力学的理解和预测。
By this time, however, I also mechanically explained other questions which I had conceived regarding the nature of a magnetic field. Questions such as:
这时我同时用力学解释了另一些问题，我设想的关于自然界中的磁场。问题如下：
Why, in a mechanical sense, does a magnet attract and repel other magnets?
在力学的意义上，为什么磁体会吸引和排斥别的磁体？
Why, in a mechanical sense, do electric charges attract and repel?
在力学的意义上，为什么电荷会吸引和排斥？
What is the energy in a magnetic field and what is its source?
磁场中的能量是什么，它们的源头是什么？
Did the energy used in creating a permanent magnet have any bearing upon the strength or energy contained within a magnetic field emitted from the permanent magnet once it was made?
制作永磁体的能量和一但永磁体制作完成而发出的磁场中的能量或力量有关？
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