语法基础
for语句
Python的for语句针对序列(列表或字符串等)中的子项进行循环，按它们在序列中的顺序来进行迭代。
#!python
>>> # Measure some strings:
... words = ['cat', 'window', 'defenestrate']
>>> for w in words:
... print(w, len(w))
...
cat 3
window 6
defenestrate 12
在迭代过程中修改迭代序列不安全，可能导致部分元素重复两次，建议先拷贝:
#!python
>>> for w in words[:]: # Loop over a slice copy of the entire list.
... if len(w) > 6:
... words.insert(0, w)
...
>>> words
['defenestrate', 'cat', 'window', 'defenestrate']
range()函数
内置函数 range()生成等差数值序列：
#!python
>>> range(10)
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
range(10) 生成了一个包含10个值的链表，但是不包含最右边的值。默认从0开始，也可以让range 从其他值开始，或者指定不同的增量值(甚至是负数，有时也称"步长"）:
#!python
>>> range(5, 10)
[5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
>>> range(0, 10, 3)
[0, 3, 6, 9]
>>> range(-10, -100, -30)
[-10, -40, -70]
>>> range(-10, -100, 30)
[]
如果迭代时需要索引和值可结合使用range()和len():
#!python
>>> a = ['Mary', 'had', 'a', 'little', 'lamb']
>>> for i in range(len(a)):
... print(i, a[i])
...
0 Mary
1 had
2 a
3 little
4 lamb
不过使用enumerate()更方便，参见后面的介绍。
break和continue语句及循环中的else子句
break语句和C中的类似，用于终止当前的for或while循环。
循环可能有else 子句；它在循环迭代完整个列表(对于 for)后或执行条件为false(对于 while)时执行，但循环break时不会执行。这点和try...else而不是if...else相近。请看查找素数的程序:
#!python
>>> for n in range(2, 10):
... for x in range(2, n):
... if n % x == 0:
... print(n, 'equals', x, '*', n//x)
... break
... else:
... # loop fell through without finding a factor
... print(n, 'is a prime number')
...
2 is a prime number
3 is a prime number
4 equals 2 * 2
5 is a prime number
6 equals 2 * 3
7 is a prime number
8 equals 2 * 4
9 equals 3 * 3
continue语句也是从C而来，它表示退出当次循环，继续执行下次迭代。通常可以用if...else替代，请看查找偶数的实例：
#!python
>>> for n in range(2, 10):
... for x in range(2, n):
... if n % x == 0:
... print(n, 'equals', x, '*', n//x)
... break
... else:
... # loop fell through without finding a factor
... print(n, 'is a prime number')
...
2 is a prime number
3 is a prime number
4 equals 2 * 2
5 is a prime number
6 equals 2 * 3
7 is a prime number
8 equals 2 * 4
9 equals 3 * 3
pass
pass语句什么也不做。它语法上需要，但是实际什么也不做场合，也常用语以后预留以后扩展。例如:
#!python
>>> while True:
... pass # Busy-wait for keyboard interrupt (Ctrl+C)
...
>>> class MyEmptyClass:
... pass
...
>>> def initlog(*args):
... pass # Remember to implement this!
...
循环技巧
在字典中循环时，关键字和对应的值可以使用 items() 方法同时获取:
#!python
>>> knights = {'gallahad': 'the pure', 'robin': 'the brave'}
>>> for k, v in knights.items():
... print(k, v)
...
gallahad the pure
robin the brave
在序列中循环时 enumerate() 函数同时得到索引位置和对应值:
#!python
>>> for i, v in enumerate(['tic', 'tac', 'toe']):
... print(i, v)
...
0 tic
1 tac
2 toe
同时循环两个或更多的序列，可以使用 zip() 打包:
#!python
>>> questions = ['name', 'quest', 'favorite color']
>>> answers = ['lancelot', 'the holy grail', 'blue']
>>> for q, a in zip(questions, answers):
... print('What is your {0}? It is {1}.'.format(q, a))
...
What is your name? It is lancelot.
What is your quest? It is the holy grail.
What is your favorite color? It is blue.
需要逆向循环序列的话，调用 reversed() 函数即可:
#!python
>>> for i in reversed(xrange(1, 10, 2)):
... print(i)
...
9
7
5
3
1
使用 sorted() 函数可排序序列，它不改动原序列，而是生成新的已排序的序列:
#!python
>>> basket = ['apple', 'orange', 'apple', 'pear', 'orange', 'banana']
>>> for f in sorted(set(basket)):
... print f
...
apple
banana
orange
pear
若要在循环时修改迭代的序列，建议先复制。
>>> import math
>>> raw_data = [56.2, float('NaN'), 51.7, 55.3, 52.5, float('NaN'), 47.8]
>>> filtered_data = []
>>> for value in raw_data:
... if not math.isnan(value):
... filtered_data.append(value)
...
>>> filtered_data
[56.2, 51.7, 55.3, 52.5, 47.8]
循环
image.png
代码：
#!python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
# Author: xurongzhong#126.com wechat:pythontesting qq:37391319
# 技术支持 钉钉群：21745728(可以加钉钉pythontesting邀请加入)
# qq群：144081101 591302926 567351477
# CreateDate: 2018-6-12
# bowtie.py
# Draw a bowtie
from turtle import *
def polygon(n, length):
"""Draw n-sided polygon with given side length."""
for _ in range(n):
forward(length)
left(360/n)
def main():
"""Draw polygons with 3-9 sides."""
for n in range(3, 10):
polygon(n, 80)
exitonclick()
main()
条件循环while
image.png
代码：
#!python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
# Author: xurongzhong#126.com wechat:pythontesting qq:37391319
# 技术支持 钉钉群：21745728(可以加钉钉pythontesting邀请加入)
# qq群：144081101 591302926 567351477
# CreateDate: 2018-6-12
# spiral.py
# Draw spiral shapes
from turtle import *
def spiral(firststep, angle, gap):
"""Move turtle on a spiral path."""
step = firststep
while step > 0:
forward(step)
left(angle)
step -= gap
def main():
spiral(100, 71, 2)
exitonclick()
main()
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