一 、为什么要线程同步
因为当我们有多个线程要同时访问一个变量或对象时，如果这些线程中既有读又有写操作时，就会导致变量值或对象的状态出现混乱，从而导致程序异常。举个例子，如果一个银行账户同时被两个线程操作，一个取100块，一个存钱100块。假设账户原本有0块，如果取钱线程和存钱线程同时发生，会出现什么结果呢？取钱不成功，账户余额是100.取钱成功了，账户余额是0.那到底是哪个呢？很难说清楚。因此多线程同步就是要解决这个问题。
二、同步时的代码
1、synchronized锁住方法 同步方法
即有synchronized关键字修饰的方法。 由于java的每个对象都有一个内置锁，当用此关键字修饰方法时，内置锁会保护整个方法。在调用该方法前，需要获得内置锁，否则就处于阻塞状态。
<pre class="prettyprint hljs gradle" style="padding: 0.5em; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); border-radius: 4px; display: block; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5em; word-break: break-all; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: none; overflow-x: auto; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">package com.company.model;
public class Bank {
private int count =0;//账户余额
//存钱
public synchronized void addMoney(int money){
count +=money;
System.out.println(System.currentTimeMillis()+"存进："+money);
}
//取钱
public synchronized void subMoney(int money){
if(count-money < 0){
System.out.println("余额不足");
return;
}
count -=money;
System.out.println(+System.currentTimeMillis()+"取出："+money);
}
//查询
public void lookMoney(){
System.out.println("账户余额："+count);
}
}</pre>
<pre class="hljs" style="padding: 0.5em; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); border-radius: 4px; display: block; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5em; word-break: break-all; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: none; overflow-x: auto; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">测试方法：</pre>
<pre class="prettyprint hljs java" style="padding: 0.5em; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); border-radius: 4px; display: block; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5em; word-break: break-all; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: none; overflow-x: auto; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">package com.company;
import com.company.model.Bank;
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// write your code here
final Bank bank=new Bank();
Thread tadd=new Thread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
while(true){
try {
Thread.sleep(1000);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
// TODO Auto-generated catch block
e.printStackTrace();
}
bank.addMoney(100);
bank.lookMoney();
System.out.println("\n");
}
}
});
Thread tsub = new Thread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
while(true){
bank.subMoney(100);
bank.lookMoney();
System.out.println("\n");
try {
Thread.sleep(1000);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
// TODO Auto-generated catch block
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
});
tsub.start();
tadd.start();
}
}</pre>
执行结果：
<pre class="prettyprint hljs" style="padding: 0.5em; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); border-radius: 4px; display: block; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5em; word-break: break-all; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: none; overflow-x: auto; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">余额不足
账户余额：0
余额不足
账户余额：0
1622020234927存进：100
账户余额：100
1622020235935存进：100
账户余额：200
1622020235935取出：100
账户余额：100
1622020236944取出：100
账户余额：0</pre>
注： synchronized关键字也可以修饰静态方法，此时如果调用该静态方法，将会锁住整个类。
2、同步代码块
<pre class="prettyprint hljs gradle" style="padding: 0.5em; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); border-radius: 4px; display: block; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5em; word-break: break-all; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: none; overflow-x: auto; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">package com.company.model;
public class Bank {
private int count =0;//账户余额
//存钱
public void addMoney(int money){
synchronized(this) {
count += money;
}
System.out.println(System.currentTimeMillis()+"存进："+money);
}
//取钱
public void subMoney(int money){
if(count-money < 0){
System.out.println("余额不足");
return;
}
synchronized(this) {
count -= money;
}
System.out.println(+System.currentTimeMillis()+"取出："+money);
}
//查询
public void lookMoney(){
System.out.println("账户余额："+count);
}
}</pre>
效果和方法1差不多。
注：同步是一种高开销的操作，因此应该尽量减少同步的内容。通常没有必要同步整个方法，使用synchronized代码块同步关键代码即可。
3、使用重入锁实现线程同步
在JavaSE5.0中新增了一个java.util.concurrent包来支持同步。ReentrantLock类是可重入、互斥、实现了Lock接口的锁， 它与使用synchronized方法和块具有相同的基本行为和语义，并且扩展了其能力。ReenreantLock类的常用方法有：ReentrantLock() ：创建一个ReentrantLock实例lock() ：获得锁unlock() ：释放锁注：ReentrantLock()还有一个可以创建公平锁的构造方法，但由于能大幅度降低程序运行效率，不推荐使用。
Bank.java代码修改如下：
<pre class="prettyprint hljs cs" style="padding: 0.5em; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); border-radius: 4px; display: block; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5em; word-break: break-all; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: none; overflow-x: auto; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">package com.company.model;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
public class Bank {
private int count = 0;//账户余额
//需要声明这个锁
private Lock lock = new ReentrantLock();
//存钱
public void addMoney(int money) {
lock.lock(); //加锁
try {
count += money;
System.out.println(System.currentTimeMillis() + "存进：" + money);
} catch (Exception e) {
lock.unlock();//解锁
} finally {
lock.unlock();//解锁
}
}
//取钱
public void subMoney(int money) {
lock.lock();//加锁
try {
if (count - money < 0) {
System.out.println("余额不足");
return;
}
synchronized (this) {
count -= money;
}
System.out.println(+System.currentTimeMillis() + "取出：" + money);
} catch (Exception e) {
lock.unlock();//解锁
} finally {
lock.unlock();//解锁
}
}
//查询
public void lookMoney() {
System.out.println("账户余额：" + count);
}
}</pre>
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